Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system
The use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. However, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risk...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2016-08, Vol.23 (16), p.16816-16833 |
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| creator | Fernandez-Cassi, X. Silvera, C. Cervero-Aragó, S. Rusiñol, M. Latif-Eugeni, F. Bruguera-Casamada, C. Civit, S. Araujo, R. M. Figueras, M. J. Girones, R. Bofill-Mas, S. |
| description | The use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. However, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risks if the effluents contain microbial pathogens. Classical bacterial indicators that are used to assess faecal contamination in water do not always properly indicate the presence of bacterial or viral pathogens. In the current study, the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), heterotrophic bacterial counts (HBC), pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, such as
Legionella
spp.,
Aeromonas
spp.,
Arcobacter
spp., free-living amoeba (FLA), several viral indicators (human adenovirus and polyomavirus JC) and viral pathogens (noroviruses and hepatitis E virus) were analysed for 1 year in inlet and outlet water to assess the removal efficiency of a lagooning system. We observed 2.58 (1.17–4.59) and 1.65 (0.15–3.14) log reductions in
Escherichia coli
(EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE), respectively, between the inlet and outlet samples. Genomic copies of the viruses were log reduced by 1.18 (0.24–2.93), 0.64 (0.12–1.97), 0.45 (0.04–2.54) and 0.72 (0.22–2.50) for human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and human noroviruses (NoV GI and GII), respectively. No regrowth of opportunistic pathogens was observed within the system. FLA, detected in all samples, did not show a clear trend. The reduction of faecal pathogens was irregular with 6 out of 12 samples and 4 out of 12 samples exceeding the EC and IE values, specified in the Spanish legislation for reclaimed water (RD 1620/2007). This data evidences that there is a need for more studies to evaluate the removal mechanisms of lagooning systems in order to optimize pathogen reduction. Moreover, surveillance of water used to irrigate raw edible vegetables should be conducted to ensure the fulfilment of the microbial requirements for the production of safe reclaimed water. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0 |
| format | Article |
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Legionella
spp.,
Aeromonas
spp.,
Arcobacter
spp., free-living amoeba (FLA), several viral indicators (human adenovirus and polyomavirus JC) and viral pathogens (noroviruses and hepatitis E virus) were analysed for 1 year in inlet and outlet water to assess the removal efficiency of a lagooning system. We observed 2.58 (1.17–4.59) and 1.65 (0.15–3.14) log reductions in
Escherichia coli
(EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE), respectively, between the inlet and outlet samples. Genomic copies of the viruses were log reduced by 1.18 (0.24–2.93), 0.64 (0.12–1.97), 0.45 (0.04–2.54) and 0.72 (0.22–2.50) for human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and human noroviruses (NoV GI and GII), respectively. No regrowth of opportunistic pathogens was observed within the system. FLA, detected in all samples, did not show a clear trend. The reduction of faecal pathogens was irregular with 6 out of 12 samples and 4 out of 12 samples exceeding the EC and IE values, specified in the Spanish legislation for reclaimed water (RD 1620/2007). This data evidences that there is a need for more studies to evaluate the removal mechanisms of lagooning systems in order to optimize pathogen reduction. Moreover, surveillance of water used to irrigate raw edible vegetables should be conducted to ensure the fulfilment of the microbial requirements for the production of safe reclaimed water.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27194016</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adenoviruses ; Adenoviruses, Human ; Aeromonas ; Amoeba ; Aquatic Pollution ; Arcobacter ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Bacteria ; E coli ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Efficiency ; Effluents ; Enterococcus ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental science ; Escherichia coli ; Fecal coliforms ; Feces ; Feces - microbiology ; Food contamination ; Food contamination & poisoning ; Foodborne pathogens ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis E virus ; Human adenovirus ; Humans ; Impaired water use ; Irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Legionella ; Legislation ; Microbial contamination ; Norovirus ; Opportunist infection ; Pathogens ; Polyomavirus ; Reclaimed water ; Recycling ; Regrowth ; Research Article ; Studies ; Viruses ; Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods ; Waste Water - microbiology ; Waste Water Technology ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water ; Water Management ; Water Microbiology ; Water pollution ; Water Pollution Control ; Water Purification - methods ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Water treatment ; Water treatment plants</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2016-08, Vol.23 (16), p.16816-16833</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-61ccc0549bc49b823a6af2b8872932f54b594f689840f6c4072b39903fec71673</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-61ccc0549bc49b823a6af2b8872932f54b594f689840f6c4072b39903fec71673</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194016$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fernandez-Cassi, X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silvera, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cervero-Aragó, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rusiñol, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latif-Eugeni, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bruguera-Casamada, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Civit, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Araujo, R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueras, M. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Girones, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bofill-Mas, S.</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. However, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risks if the effluents contain microbial pathogens. Classical bacterial indicators that are used to assess faecal contamination in water do not always properly indicate the presence of bacterial or viral pathogens. In the current study, the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), heterotrophic bacterial counts (HBC), pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, such as
Legionella
spp.,
Aeromonas
spp.,
Arcobacter
spp., free-living amoeba (FLA), several viral indicators (human adenovirus and polyomavirus JC) and viral pathogens (noroviruses and hepatitis E virus) were analysed for 1 year in inlet and outlet water to assess the removal efficiency of a lagooning system. We observed 2.58 (1.17–4.59) and 1.65 (0.15–3.14) log reductions in
Escherichia coli
(EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE), respectively, between the inlet and outlet samples. Genomic copies of the viruses were log reduced by 1.18 (0.24–2.93), 0.64 (0.12–1.97), 0.45 (0.04–2.54) and 0.72 (0.22–2.50) for human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and human noroviruses (NoV GI and GII), respectively. No regrowth of opportunistic pathogens was observed within the system. FLA, detected in all samples, did not show a clear trend. The reduction of faecal pathogens was irregular with 6 out of 12 samples and 4 out of 12 samples exceeding the EC and IE values, specified in the Spanish legislation for reclaimed water (RD 1620/2007). This data evidences that there is a need for more studies to evaluate the removal mechanisms of lagooning systems in order to optimize pathogen reduction. Moreover, surveillance of water used to irrigate raw edible vegetables should be conducted to ensure the fulfilment of the microbial requirements for the production of safe reclaimed water.</description><subject>Adenoviruses</subject><subject>Adenoviruses, Human</subject><subject>Aeromonas</subject><subject>Amoeba</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Arcobacter</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>Effluents</subject><subject>Enterococcus</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Fecal coliforms</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - microbiology</subject><subject>Food contamination</subject><subject>Food contamination & poisoning</subject><subject>Foodborne pathogens</subject><subject>Hepatitis</subject><subject>Hepatitis E virus</subject><subject>Human adenovirus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Impaired water use</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Irrigation water</subject><subject>Legionella</subject><subject>Legislation</subject><subject>Microbial contamination</subject><subject>Norovirus</subject><subject>Opportunist infection</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Polyomavirus</subject><subject>Reclaimed water</subject><subject>Recycling</subject><subject>Regrowth</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</subject><subject>Waste Water - microbiology</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment plants</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water reuse</subject><subject>Water treatment</subject><subject>Water treatment plants</subject><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUFrHSEUhaW0NC9Jf0A3Regmm2nudRwdlyWkSSCQTboM4hh9NThjojMt79_H4SWlFApdiMj9zlHPIeQjwhcEkKcFse1EAyga0SNr4A3ZoEDeSK7UW7IBxXmDLecH5LCUBwAGisn35IBJVLzKNuTu_KeJi5lDmmjydP7h6BhsTkNIMW2DNZE-LSaGebeOs7PRhNHd019mdpk-5nS_2Hr0OY3U0Gi2KU1h2tKyK7Mbj8k7b2JxH172I_L92_nt2WVzfXNxdfb1urGcs7kRaK2FjqvB1tWz1gjj2dD3kqmW-Y4PneJe9Krn4IXlINnQKgWtd1aikO0ROdn71gc9La7MegzFuhjN5NJSNPbYSegEqP9AQXVK9e3q-vkv9CEteaofWQ1RQQccKoV7qqZWSnZeP-YwmrzTCHqtSe9r0jVvvdakV82nF-dlqGn-Vrz2UgG2B0odTVuX_7j6n67PyBib1g</recordid><startdate>20160801</startdate><enddate>20160801</enddate><creator>Fernandez-Cassi, X.</creator><creator>Silvera, C.</creator><creator>Cervero-Aragó, S.</creator><creator>Rusiñol, M.</creator><creator>Latif-Eugeni, F.</creator><creator>Bruguera-Casamada, C.</creator><creator>Civit, S.</creator><creator>Araujo, R. 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M. ; Figueras, M. J. ; Girones, R. ; Bofill-Mas, S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-61ccc0549bc49b823a6af2b8872932f54b594f689840f6c4072b39903fec71673</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adenoviruses</topic><topic>Adenoviruses, Human</topic><topic>Aeromonas</topic><topic>Amoeba</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Arcobacter</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Efficiency</topic><topic>Effluents</topic><topic>Enterococcus</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Fecal coliforms</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Feces - microbiology</topic><topic>Food contamination</topic><topic>Food contamination & poisoning</topic><topic>Foodborne pathogens</topic><topic>Hepatitis</topic><topic>Hepatitis E virus</topic><topic>Human adenovirus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Impaired water use</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Irrigation water</topic><topic>Legionella</topic><topic>Legislation</topic><topic>Microbial contamination</topic><topic>Norovirus</topic><topic>Opportunist infection</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Polyomavirus</topic><topic>Reclaimed water</topic><topic>Recycling</topic><topic>Regrowth</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</topic><topic>Waste Water - microbiology</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment plants</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Microbiology</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><topic>Water Purification - methods</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water reuse</topic><topic>Water treatment</topic><topic>Water treatment plants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fernandez-Cassi, X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silvera, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cervero-Aragó, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rusiñol, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latif-Eugeni, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bruguera-Casamada, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Civit, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Araujo, R. 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M.</au><au>Figueras, M. J.</au><au>Girones, R.</au><au>Bofill-Mas, S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2016-08-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>16</issue><spage>16816</spage><epage>16833</epage><pages>16816-16833</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. However, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risks if the effluents contain microbial pathogens. Classical bacterial indicators that are used to assess faecal contamination in water do not always properly indicate the presence of bacterial or viral pathogens. In the current study, the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), heterotrophic bacterial counts (HBC), pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, such as
Legionella
spp.,
Aeromonas
spp.,
Arcobacter
spp., free-living amoeba (FLA), several viral indicators (human adenovirus and polyomavirus JC) and viral pathogens (noroviruses and hepatitis E virus) were analysed for 1 year in inlet and outlet water to assess the removal efficiency of a lagooning system. We observed 2.58 (1.17–4.59) and 1.65 (0.15–3.14) log reductions in
Escherichia coli
(EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE), respectively, between the inlet and outlet samples. Genomic copies of the viruses were log reduced by 1.18 (0.24–2.93), 0.64 (0.12–1.97), 0.45 (0.04–2.54) and 0.72 (0.22–2.50) for human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and human noroviruses (NoV GI and GII), respectively. No regrowth of opportunistic pathogens was observed within the system. FLA, detected in all samples, did not show a clear trend. The reduction of faecal pathogens was irregular with 6 out of 12 samples and 4 out of 12 samples exceeding the EC and IE values, specified in the Spanish legislation for reclaimed water (RD 1620/2007). This data evidences that there is a need for more studies to evaluate the removal mechanisms of lagooning systems in order to optimize pathogen reduction. Moreover, surveillance of water used to irrigate raw edible vegetables should be conducted to ensure the fulfilment of the microbial requirements for the production of safe reclaimed water.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>27194016</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0</doi><tpages>18</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0944-1344 |
| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2016-08, Vol.23 (16), p.16816-16833 |
| issn | 0944-1344 1614-7499 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1815705609 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Adenoviruses Adenoviruses, Human Aeromonas Amoeba Aquatic Pollution Arcobacter Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Bacteria E coli Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Efficiency Effluents Enterococcus Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Environmental science Escherichia coli Fecal coliforms Feces Feces - microbiology Food contamination Food contamination & poisoning Foodborne pathogens Hepatitis Hepatitis E virus Human adenovirus Humans Impaired water use Irrigation Irrigation water Legionella Legislation Microbial contamination Norovirus Opportunist infection Pathogens Polyomavirus Reclaimed water Recycling Regrowth Research Article Studies Viruses Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods Waste Water - microbiology Waste Water Technology Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment plants Water Water Management Water Microbiology Water pollution Water Pollution Control Water Purification - methods Water quality Water reuse Water treatment Water treatment plants |
| title | Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-03T05%3A05%3A30IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation%20of%20the%20microbiological%20quality%20of%20reclaimed%20water%20produced%20from%20a%20lagooning%20system&rft.jtitle=Environmental%20science%20and%20pollution%20research%20international&rft.au=Fernandez-Cassi,%20X.&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=16&rft.spage=16816&rft.epage=16833&rft.pages=16816-16833&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft.eissn=1614-7499&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1809599837%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1811905040&rft_id=info:pmid/27194016&rfr_iscdi=true |