Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe
Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C 7F 14, PM...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Atmospheric environment (1994) 1998-12, Vol.32 (24), p.4109-4122 |
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| container_title | Atmospheric environment (1994) |
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| creator | Straume, Anne Grete Dietz, Russel N. Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri Nodop, Katrin |
| description | Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C
7F
14, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C
6F
12, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C
8F
16, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3
fl
ℓ
-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33
fl
ℓ
-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00193-9 |
| format | Article |
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7F
14, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C
6F
12, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C
8F
16, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3
fl
ℓ
-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33
fl
ℓ
-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1352-2310</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2844</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00193-9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>background concentrations ; long-range transport ; Perfluorocarbons ; tracer release</subject><ispartof>Atmospheric environment (1994), 1998-12, Vol.32 (24), p.4109-4122</ispartof><rights>1998 Elsevier Science Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c400t-c9edb1f57d4ccd67f844c0a10dcf795bc8a24eb700a02350dbdedb88b828dc603</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c400t-c9edb1f57d4ccd67f844c0a10dcf795bc8a24eb700a02350dbdedb88b828dc603</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00193-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,3552,27931,27932,46002</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Straume, Anne Grete</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dietz, Russel N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nodop, Katrin</creatorcontrib><title>Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe</title><title>Atmospheric environment (1994)</title><description>Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C
7F
14, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C
6F
12, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C
8F
16, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3
fl
ℓ
-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33
fl
ℓ
-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.</description><subject>background concentrations</subject><subject>long-range transport</subject><subject>Perfluorocarbons</subject><subject>tracer release</subject><issn>1352-2310</issn><issn>1873-2844</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1998</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkEtLAzEUhYMoWKs_QZiV6GL03sk8kpVIqQ8oKKjrkLnJSLSd1GRG8N8bW113dc_iO4fLx9gpwiUC1lfPyKsiLzjCuRQXACh5LvfYBEXD80KU5X7K_8ghO4rxHQB4I5sJ4082dMvRB086tL7PWk0fb8GPvcnI92T7IejB-T5mrs_mY_Bre8wOOr2M9uTvTtnr7fxldp8vHu8eZjeLnEqAISdpTYtd1ZiSyNRNlz4h0AiGukZWLQldlLZtADQUvALTmlQQohWFMFQDn7Kz7e46-M_RxkGtXCS7XOre-jEqFIiiqMVusEFeI5a7wbKCpJQnsNqCFHyMwXZqHdxKh2-FoH6lq4109WtUSaE20pVMvettzyYvX84GFcnZpNG4YGlQxrsdCz9zZIlU</recordid><startdate>19981201</startdate><enddate>19981201</enddate><creator>Straume, Anne Grete</creator><creator>Dietz, Russel N.</creator><creator>Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri</creator><creator>Nodop, Katrin</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>KL.</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19981201</creationdate><title>Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe</title><author>Straume, Anne Grete ; Dietz, Russel N. ; Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri ; Nodop, Katrin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c400t-c9edb1f57d4ccd67f844c0a10dcf795bc8a24eb700a02350dbdedb88b828dc603</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1998</creationdate><topic>background concentrations</topic><topic>long-range transport</topic><topic>Perfluorocarbons</topic><topic>tracer release</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Straume, Anne Grete</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dietz, Russel N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nodop, Katrin</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><jtitle>Atmospheric environment (1994)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Straume, Anne Grete</au><au>Dietz, Russel N.</au><au>Koffı̀, Ernest N’dri</au><au>Nodop, Katrin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe</atitle><jtitle>Atmospheric environment (1994)</jtitle><date>1998-12-01</date><risdate>1998</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>24</issue><spage>4109</spage><epage>4122</epage><pages>4109-4122</pages><issn>1352-2310</issn><eissn>1873-2844</eissn><abstract>Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C
7F
14, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C
6F
12, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C
8F
16, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3
fl
ℓ
-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33
fl
ℓ
-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8
fl
ℓ
-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.</abstract><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00193-9</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1352-2310 1873-2844 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_18118268 |
| source | Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | background concentrations long-range transport Perfluorocarbons tracer release |
| title | Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe |
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