Siwu decoction attenuates oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in mice

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Siwu decoction on hyperuricemia, kidney inflammation, and dysfunction in hyperuricemic mice. Siwu decoction at 363.8, 727.5, and 1 455 mg＇kg-l was orally administered to potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice for 7 days. Serum urate, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels and hepatic xanthine oxidase （XOD） activity were measured. The protein levels of hepatic XOD and renal urate transporter 1 （URAT1）, glucose transporter 9 （GLUT9）, organic anion transporters 1 （OAT1）, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 （ABCG2）, organic cation transporter 1 （OCT1）, OCT2, organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 （OCTN1）, OCNT2, Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 （NLRP3）, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein （ASC）, Caspase-1, and interleukin-lfl （IL-lfl） were determined by Western blotting. Renal histopathology change was obtained following hematoxylin-eosin staining. Our results indicated that Siwu decoction significantly reduced serum urate, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and increased fractional excretion of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice. It effectively reduced hepatic XOD activity and protein levels in this animal model. Furthermore, Siwu decoction down-regulated URAT1 and GLUT9 protein levels, and up-regulated the protein levels of OAT1, ABCG2, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, and OCTN2 in the kidney of the hyperuricemic mice. Additionally, Siwu decoction remarkably reduced renal protein levels ofNLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and IL-lfl in the hyperuricemic mice. These results suggested that Siwu decoction exhibited anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting hepatic XOD activity, regulating renal organic ion transporter expression, and suppressing renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing the evidence for its use in the treatment ofhyperuricemia and associated kidney inflammation.