Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies

Summary Background Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) can vary by type and subtype. Over the past decade, the test-negative design has emerged as a valid method for estimation of VE. In this design, VE is calculated as 100% × (1 – odds ratio) for vaccine receipt in influenza cases versus test-nega...

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