The washout effects of rainfall on atmospheric particulate pollution in two Chinese cities

Though rainfall is recognized as one of the main mechanisms to reduce atmospheric particulate pollution, few studies have quantified this effect, particularly the corresponding lag effect and threshold. This study aimed to investigate the association between rainfall and air quality using a distributed lag non-linear model. Daily data on ambient PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm and from 2.5 to 10 μm) and meteorological factors were collected in Guangzhou and Xi'an from 2013 to 2014. A better washout effect was found for PM2.5–10 than for PM2.5, and the rainfall thresholds for both particle fractions were 7 mm in Guangzhou and 1 mm in Xi'an. The decrease in PM2.5 levels following rain lasted for 3 and 6 days in Guangzhou and Xi'an, respectively. Rainfall had a better washout effect in Xi'an compared with that in Guangzhou. Findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of the washout effects of rainfall on particulate pollution, which may help to understand the category and sustainability of dust-haze and enforce anthropogenic control measures in time. [Display omitted] •Relative effect is an approach that links washout effect to precipitation amount.•Particle size plays an important role in washout effect of rainfall.•The threshold is helpful in discriminating whether rainfall can improve air quality.•The lag period lengths determine the improvement of air quality following rain.•Restricted by relative effect, the washout effect to particles is limited. Washout effects and lag effects of rainfall on daily PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were calculated and air quality improvement were evaluated.