Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu Bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications
Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Na-bentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clay minerals 2014-12, Vol.49 (5), p.609-633 |
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| creator | Ozdamar, S Ece, O. I Uz, B Boylu, F Ercan, H. U Yanik, G |
| description | Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Na-bentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses. The parent rocks (PR) and bentonite samples were analysed for the major and trace element contents, including rare-earth elements, to understand the effect of differential alterations on element mobility. The bentonites contain mainly di-octahedral Ca-montmorillonite with minor amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspar. Primary K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts were altered in the bentonite horizons, and were completely leached at greater depth. For this reason, the higher quality bentonites are found at deeper zones. Bentonite horizons are characterized by relatively high loss on ignition (LOI: 9.8-20.8%) and MgO content (3-5%) and low K2O ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.01 |
| format | Article |
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I ; Uz, B ; Boylu, F ; Ercan, H. U ; Yanik, G</creator><creatorcontrib>Ozdamar, S ; Ece, O. I ; Uz, B ; Boylu, F ; Ercan, H. U ; Yanik, G</creatorcontrib><description>Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Na-bentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses. The parent rocks (PR) and bentonite samples were analysed for the major and trace element contents, including rare-earth elements, to understand the effect of differential alterations on element mobility. The bentonites contain mainly di-octahedral Ca-montmorillonite with minor amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspar. Primary K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts were altered in the bentonite horizons, and were completely leached at greater depth. For this reason, the higher quality bentonites are found at deeper zones. Bentonite horizons are characterized by relatively high loss on ignition (LOI: 9.8-20.8%) and MgO content (3-5%) and low K2O (<0.5%) and Na2O (<2%) contents compared with the least altered parent rocks. Silicon, Ca, Mg, Mn and P are markedly enriched whereas Fe, Na, K and Ti are depleted in the bentonite samples. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns show identical trends characterized by strong light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment in both the PR and bentonite samples. The LREE contents are higher than those of their heavy counterparts (HREE) in the samples. Alteration of the PR to bentonite is associated with intense chemical leaching and subsequent removal of K and Na in open-system conditions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0009-8558</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-8030</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.01</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Mineralogical Society</publisher><subject>alteration ; Asia ; Bentonite ; bentonite deposits ; Black Sea region ; clay minerals ; Cretaceous ; Economic geology ; element mobility ; geochemical controls ; geochemistry ; Horizon ; hydrothermal alteration ; igneous rocks ; Mesozoic ; metasomatism ; Middle East ; migration of elements ; mineral deposits, genesis ; mobility ; nonmetals ; Ordu Turkey ; Parents ; physical properties ; Rare earth elements ; Rare earth metals ; rock, sediment, soil ; Rocks ; Scanning electron microscopy ; sheet silicates ; silicates ; Turkey ; Upper Cretaceous ; Uzunisa Deposit ; Uzunisa-Ordu ; volcanic rocks</subject><ispartof>Clay minerals, 2014-12, Vol.49 (5), p.609-633</ispartof><rights>GeoRef, Copyright 2020, American Geosciences Institute. Reference includes data from GeoScienceWorld @Alexandria, VA @USA @United States. Abstract, Copyright, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a438t-29b76963e8ab797b16d972480ce2be9cd1acfff7e7dd31c423a4ac46c59e01593</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a438t-29b76963e8ab797b16d972480ce2be9cd1acfff7e7dd31c423a4ac46c59e01593</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,27933,27934</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ozdamar, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ece, O. I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uz, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boylu, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ercan, H. U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yanik, G</creatorcontrib><title>Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu Bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications</title><title>Clay minerals</title><description>Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Na-bentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses. The parent rocks (PR) and bentonite samples were analysed for the major and trace element contents, including rare-earth elements, to understand the effect of differential alterations on element mobility. The bentonites contain mainly di-octahedral Ca-montmorillonite with minor amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspar. Primary K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts were altered in the bentonite horizons, and were completely leached at greater depth. For this reason, the higher quality bentonites are found at deeper zones. Bentonite horizons are characterized by relatively high loss on ignition (LOI: 9.8-20.8%) and MgO content (3-5%) and low K2O (<0.5%) and Na2O (<2%) contents compared with the least altered parent rocks. Silicon, Ca, Mg, Mn and P are markedly enriched whereas Fe, Na, K and Ti are depleted in the bentonite samples. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns show identical trends characterized by strong light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment in both the PR and bentonite samples. The LREE contents are higher than those of their heavy counterparts (HREE) in the samples. Alteration of the PR to bentonite is associated with intense chemical leaching and subsequent removal of K and Na in open-system conditions.</description><subject>alteration</subject><subject>Asia</subject><subject>Bentonite</subject><subject>bentonite deposits</subject><subject>Black Sea region</subject><subject>clay minerals</subject><subject>Cretaceous</subject><subject>Economic geology</subject><subject>element mobility</subject><subject>geochemical controls</subject><subject>geochemistry</subject><subject>Horizon</subject><subject>hydrothermal alteration</subject><subject>igneous rocks</subject><subject>Mesozoic</subject><subject>metasomatism</subject><subject>Middle East</subject><subject>migration of elements</subject><subject>mineral deposits, genesis</subject><subject>mobility</subject><subject>nonmetals</subject><subject>Ordu Turkey</subject><subject>Parents</subject><subject>physical properties</subject><subject>Rare earth elements</subject><subject>Rare earth metals</subject><subject>rock, sediment, soil</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>sheet silicates</subject><subject>silicates</subject><subject>Turkey</subject><subject>Upper Cretaceous</subject><subject>Uzunisa Deposit</subject><subject>Uzunisa-Ordu</subject><subject>volcanic rocks</subject><issn>0009-8558</issn><issn>1471-8030</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkV-P1CAUxRujiePqRzDh0cRthUILPOpk_JNs3JfdZ0LhdmSkUKHNpn562ZlNfDM-XS6c37nknqp6S3BDiMAfjNfb5ELTYsIazGTTNZg8q3aEcVILTPHzaocxlrXoOvGyepXzqbSUCbqrTgcPE4QFTXFw3i0bsmty4YiWH4DGmCa9uBhQHM8X97_X4LKub5Nd0aeCxeAWuEbfD-huTT9hu0Y6WDTHpbw57ZGeZ-_M2SO_rl6M2md481SvqvvPh7v91_rm9su3_cebWjMqlrqVA-9lT0HogUs-kN5K3jKBDbQDSGOJNuM4cuDWUmJYSzXThvWmk4BJJ-lV9e7iO6f4a4W8qMllA97rAHHNqqxMUM5a_B9SToQkgktapN1FalLMOcGo5uQmnTZFsHqMQT3FoB5jUCUG1SlMCre_cA_aL5AsHNO6lYM6xTWFsod_80x2_fmj7y8uR4jZOAgGHmLy9q9Loc7zBMX0D5EIo6Q</recordid><startdate>20141201</startdate><enddate>20141201</enddate><creator>Ozdamar, S</creator><creator>Ece, O. I</creator><creator>Uz, B</creator><creator>Boylu, F</creator><creator>Ercan, H. U</creator><creator>Yanik, G</creator><general>Mineralogical Society</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141201</creationdate><title>Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu Bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications</title><author>Ozdamar, S ; Ece, O. I ; Uz, B ; Boylu, F ; Ercan, H. U ; Yanik, G</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a438t-29b76963e8ab797b16d972480ce2be9cd1acfff7e7dd31c423a4ac46c59e01593</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>alteration</topic><topic>Asia</topic><topic>Bentonite</topic><topic>bentonite deposits</topic><topic>Black Sea region</topic><topic>clay minerals</topic><topic>Cretaceous</topic><topic>Economic geology</topic><topic>element mobility</topic><topic>geochemical controls</topic><topic>geochemistry</topic><topic>Horizon</topic><topic>hydrothermal alteration</topic><topic>igneous rocks</topic><topic>Mesozoic</topic><topic>metasomatism</topic><topic>Middle East</topic><topic>migration of elements</topic><topic>mineral deposits, genesis</topic><topic>mobility</topic><topic>nonmetals</topic><topic>Ordu Turkey</topic><topic>Parents</topic><topic>physical properties</topic><topic>Rare earth elements</topic><topic>Rare earth metals</topic><topic>rock, sediment, soil</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>sheet silicates</topic><topic>silicates</topic><topic>Turkey</topic><topic>Upper Cretaceous</topic><topic>Uzunisa Deposit</topic><topic>Uzunisa-Ordu</topic><topic>volcanic rocks</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ozdamar, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ece, O. I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uz, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boylu, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ercan, H. U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yanik, G</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Clay minerals</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ozdamar, S</au><au>Ece, O. I</au><au>Uz, B</au><au>Boylu, F</au><au>Ercan, H. U</au><au>Yanik, G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu Bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications</atitle><jtitle>Clay minerals</jtitle><date>2014-12-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>49</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>609</spage><epage>633</epage><pages>609-633</pages><issn>0009-8558</issn><eissn>1471-8030</eissn><abstract>Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Na-bentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses. The parent rocks (PR) and bentonite samples were analysed for the major and trace element contents, including rare-earth elements, to understand the effect of differential alterations on element mobility. The bentonites contain mainly di-octahedral Ca-montmorillonite with minor amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspar. Primary K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts were altered in the bentonite horizons, and were completely leached at greater depth. For this reason, the higher quality bentonites are found at deeper zones. Bentonite horizons are characterized by relatively high loss on ignition (LOI: 9.8-20.8%) and MgO content (3-5%) and low K2O (<0.5%) and Na2O (<2%) contents compared with the least altered parent rocks. Silicon, Ca, Mg, Mn and P are markedly enriched whereas Fe, Na, K and Ti are depleted in the bentonite samples. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns show identical trends characterized by strong light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment in both the PR and bentonite samples. The LREE contents are higher than those of their heavy counterparts (HREE) in the samples. Alteration of the PR to bentonite is associated with intense chemical leaching and subsequent removal of K and Na in open-system conditions.</abstract><pub>Mineralogical Society</pub><doi>10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.01</doi><tpages>25</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Cambridge University Press Journals Complete |
| subjects | alteration Asia Bentonite bentonite deposits Black Sea region clay minerals Cretaceous Economic geology element mobility geochemical controls geochemistry Horizon hydrothermal alteration igneous rocks Mesozoic metasomatism Middle East migration of elements mineral deposits, genesis mobility nonmetals Ordu Turkey Parents physical properties Rare earth elements Rare earth metals rock, sediment, soil Rocks Scanning electron microscopy sheet silicates silicates Turkey Upper Cretaceous Uzunisa Deposit Uzunisa-Ordu volcanic rocks |
| title | Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu Bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications |
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