Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in cardioprotection by remote hindlimb ischaemic preconditioning

New findings • What is the central question of this study? Ischaemia–reperfusion of peripheral tissues protects the heart from subsequent myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced injury and cardiac dysfunction, a phenomenon referred to as ‘remote ischaemic preconditioning’ (rIPC). This study addressed whether activation of sensory afferent nerves in the ischaemic hindlimb and vagal efferent nerves innervating the heart mediate rIPC. • What is the main finding and its importance? Spinal cord section, bilateral vagotomy or blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in vivo abolished rIPC and cardioprotection measured in vitro. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve induced cardioprotection, thus mimicking rIPC. The finding that sensory and parasympathetic neural mechanisms mediate rIPC confirms and extends previous results, with implications for translational studies in patients with coronary artery disease. This investigation was designed to determine the participation of the vagus nerve and muscarinic receptors in the remote ischaemic preconditioning (rIPC) mechanism. New Zealand rabbits were anaesthetized, and the femoral artery was dissected. After 30 min of monitoring, the hearts were isolated and subjected to 30 min of global no‐flow ischaemia and 180 min of reperfusion (non‐rIPC group). The ventricular function was evaluated, considering the left ventricular developed pressure and the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure. In the rIPC group, the rabbits were subjected to three cycles of hindlimb ischaemia (5 min) and reperfusion (5 min), and the same protocol as that used in non‐rIPC group was then repeated. In order to evaluate the afferent neural pathway during the rIPC protocol we used two groups, one in which the femoral and sciatic nerves were sectioned and the other in which the spinal cord was sectioned (T9–T10 level). To study the efferent neural pathway during the rIPC protocol, the vagus nerve was sectioned and, in another group, atropine was administered. The effect of vagal stimulation was also evaluated. An infarct size of 40.8 ± 3.1% was obtained in the non‐rIPC group, whereas in rIPC group the infarct size decreased to 16.4 ± 3.5% (P < 0.05). During the preconditioning protocol, the vagus nerve section and the atropine administration each abolished the effect of rIPC on infarct size. Vagal stimulation mimicked the effect of rIPC, decreasing infarct size to 15.2 ± 4.7% (P < 0.05). Decreases in infarct size were accompanied by im