Anti‐influenza virus effects of cocoa
BACKGROUND: Cocoa contains biologically active ingredients that have broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection. RESULTS: A cocoa extract (CE) was prepared by treating defatted cocoa powder with boiling water. The extract demonstrated dose...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2016-03, Vol.96 (4), p.1150-1158 |
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| creator | Kamei, Masanori Nishimura, Hiroshi Takahashi, Toshio Takahashi, Nobuaki Inokuchi, Koichi Mato, Takashi Takahashi, Kazuo |
| description | BACKGROUND: Cocoa contains biologically active ingredients that have broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection. RESULTS: A cocoa extract (CE) was prepared by treating defatted cocoa powder with boiling water. The extract demonstrated dose‐dependent inhibition of infection in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with human influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2), human influenza virus B and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N9). CE inhibited viral adsorption to MDCK cells. Animal experiments showed that CE significantly improved survival in mice after intra‐nasal administration of a lethal dose of influenza virus. In human intervention trials, participants were allocated to two groups, one in which the participants ingested cocoa for 3 weeks before and after vaccination against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus and another in which the participants did not ingest cocoa. Neutralizing antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus increased significantly in both groups; however, the extent of the increase was not significantly different between the two groups. Although natural killer cell activity was also elevated in both groups, the increase was more substantial in the cocoa intake group. CONCLUSION: Drinking cocoa activates natural immunity and enhances vaccination‐induced immune response, providing stronger protection against influenza virus infection and disease onset. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jsfa.7197 |
| format | Article |
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RESULTS: A cocoa extract (CE) was prepared by treating defatted cocoa powder with boiling water. The extract demonstrated dose‐dependent inhibition of infection in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with human influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2), human influenza virus B and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N9). CE inhibited viral adsorption to MDCK cells. Animal experiments showed that CE significantly improved survival in mice after intra‐nasal administration of a lethal dose of influenza virus. In human intervention trials, participants were allocated to two groups, one in which the participants ingested cocoa for 3 weeks before and after vaccination against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus and another in which the participants did not ingest cocoa. Neutralizing antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus increased significantly in both groups; however, the extent of the increase was not significantly different between the two groups. Although natural killer cell activity was also elevated in both groups, the increase was more substantial in the cocoa intake group. CONCLUSION: Drinking cocoa activates natural immunity and enhances vaccination‐induced immune response, providing stronger protection against influenza virus infection and disease onset. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-5142</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0010</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7197</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25847473</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JSFAAE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>active ingredients ; Administration, Oral ; adsorption ; Adult ; animal experimentation ; Animals ; Antimicrobial agents ; Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage ; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use ; antiviral properties ; Biological effects ; Birds ; Boiling ; Cacao ; Cocoa ; cocoa (beverage) ; cocoa powder ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; dose response ; drinking ; Female ; Human ; human influenza ; Humans ; immune response ; Immune system ; immunostimulation ; Influenza ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - drug effects ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - drug effects ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - drug effects ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza virus ; Influenza, Human - drug therapy ; Influenza, Human - virology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; innate immunity ; Kidneys ; lethal dose ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; natural killer cells ; neutralizing antibodies ; NK cell activity ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts - administration & dosage ; Plant Extracts - pharmacology ; Plant Extracts - therapeutic use ; vaccination ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2016-03, Vol.96 (4), p.1150-1158</ispartof><rights>2015 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><rights>2015 Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>2016 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c6177-df79b02f1d2f358ab2bf06c83b0a548694790bcca0430347275f50a55e7e23dc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c6177-df79b02f1d2f358ab2bf06c83b0a548694790bcca0430347275f50a55e7e23dc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjsfa.7197$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjsfa.7197$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25847473$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kamei, Masanori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nishimura, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Toshio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Nobuaki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inokuchi, Koichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mato, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Kazuo</creatorcontrib><title>Anti‐influenza virus effects of cocoa</title><title>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</title><addtitle>J. Sci. Food Agric</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND: Cocoa contains biologically active ingredients that have broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection. RESULTS: A cocoa extract (CE) was prepared by treating defatted cocoa powder with boiling water. The extract demonstrated dose‐dependent inhibition of infection in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with human influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2), human influenza virus B and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N9). CE inhibited viral adsorption to MDCK cells. Animal experiments showed that CE significantly improved survival in mice after intra‐nasal administration of a lethal dose of influenza virus. In human intervention trials, participants were allocated to two groups, one in which the participants ingested cocoa for 3 weeks before and after vaccination against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus and another in which the participants did not ingest cocoa. Neutralizing antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus increased significantly in both groups; however, the extent of the increase was not significantly different between the two groups. Although natural killer cell activity was also elevated in both groups, the increase was more substantial in the cocoa intake group. CONCLUSION: Drinking cocoa activates natural immunity and enhances vaccination‐induced immune response, providing stronger protection against influenza virus infection and disease onset. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry</description><subject>active ingredients</subject><subject>Administration, Oral</subject><subject>adsorption</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>animal experimentation</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>antiviral properties</subject><subject>Biological effects</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>Boiling</subject><subject>Cacao</subject><subject>Cocoa</subject><subject>cocoa (beverage)</subject><subject>cocoa powder</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>dose response</subject><subject>drinking</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>human influenza</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>immune response</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>immunostimulation</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Influenza A virus</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - drug effects</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - drug effects</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - drug effects</subject><subject>Influenza B virus</subject><subject>Influenza virus</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - drug therapy</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - virology</subject><subject>Inhibitory Concentration 50</subject><subject>innate immunity</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>lethal dose</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred BALB C</subject><subject>natural killer cells</subject><subject>neutralizing antibodies</subject><subject>NK cell activity</subject><subject>Phytotherapy</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - therapeutic use</subject><subject>vaccination</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>0022-5142</issn><issn>1097-0010</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0kFv0zAUB3ALMdGucOALQCUOY4d0z3bsFx-rihW6ClSNComL5bg2SkmTzW6A7bSPwGfkkyxRyg5ICE4-vN_7W9bfhDynMKEA7GwbvZkgVfiIDCkoTAAoPCbDdsYSQVM2IMcxbgFAKSmfkAETWYop8iE5mVb74tfdz6LyZeOqWzP-VoQmjp33zu7juPZjW9vaPCVH3pTRPTucI7I-f_Nx9jZZfpi_m02XiZUUMdl4VDkwTzfMc5GZnOUepM14DkakmVQpKsitNZBy4CkyFF60I-HQMb6xfERe97lXob5uXNzrXRGtK0tTubqJmmYAAjgw-W-KmWCct5f-B5VMolBZR1_9Qbd1E6r2zZ0SHDkoaNVpr2yoYwzO66tQ7Ey40RR014nuOtFdJ619cUhs8p3bPMjfJbTgrAffi9Ld_D1JLy7Pp4fIpN8o4t79eNgw4auWyFHoT-_nmq8u5qvPi5letP5l772ptfkSiqjXlwyo7D6KYirl95ulq3U</recordid><startdate>20160315</startdate><enddate>20160315</enddate><creator>Kamei, Masanori</creator><creator>Nishimura, Hiroshi</creator><creator>Takahashi, Toshio</creator><creator>Takahashi, Nobuaki</creator><creator>Inokuchi, Koichi</creator><creator>Mato, Takashi</creator><creator>Takahashi, Kazuo</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>John Wiley and Sons, Limited</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160315</creationdate><title>Anti‐influenza virus effects of cocoa</title><author>Kamei, Masanori ; Nishimura, Hiroshi ; Takahashi, Toshio ; Takahashi, Nobuaki ; Inokuchi, Koichi ; Mato, Takashi ; Takahashi, Kazuo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c6177-df79b02f1d2f358ab2bf06c83b0a548694790bcca0430347275f50a55e7e23dc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>active ingredients</topic><topic>Administration, Oral</topic><topic>adsorption</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>animal experimentation</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>antiviral properties</topic><topic>Biological effects</topic><topic>Birds</topic><topic>Boiling</topic><topic>Cacao</topic><topic>Cocoa</topic><topic>cocoa (beverage)</topic><topic>cocoa powder</topic><topic>Disease Models, Animal</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>dose response</topic><topic>drinking</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>human influenza</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>immune response</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>immunostimulation</topic><topic>Influenza</topic><topic>Influenza A virus</topic><topic>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - drug effects</topic><topic>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - drug effects</topic><topic>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - drug effects</topic><topic>Influenza B virus</topic><topic>Influenza virus</topic><topic>Influenza, Human - drug therapy</topic><topic>Influenza, Human - virology</topic><topic>Inhibitory Concentration 50</topic><topic>innate immunity</topic><topic>Kidneys</topic><topic>lethal dose</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred BALB C</topic><topic>natural killer cells</topic><topic>neutralizing antibodies</topic><topic>NK cell activity</topic><topic>Phytotherapy</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - therapeutic use</topic><topic>vaccination</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kamei, Masanori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nishimura, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Toshio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Nobuaki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inokuchi, Koichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mato, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takahashi, Kazuo</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kamei, Masanori</au><au>Nishimura, Hiroshi</au><au>Takahashi, Toshio</au><au>Takahashi, Nobuaki</au><au>Inokuchi, Koichi</au><au>Mato, Takashi</au><au>Takahashi, Kazuo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Anti‐influenza virus effects of cocoa</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</jtitle><addtitle>J. Sci. Food Agric</addtitle><date>2016-03-15</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>96</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1150</spage><epage>1158</epage><pages>1150-1158</pages><issn>0022-5142</issn><eissn>1097-0010</eissn><coden>JSFAAE</coden><abstract>BACKGROUND: Cocoa contains biologically active ingredients that have broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection. RESULTS: A cocoa extract (CE) was prepared by treating defatted cocoa powder with boiling water. The extract demonstrated dose‐dependent inhibition of infection in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with human influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2), human influenza virus B and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N9). CE inhibited viral adsorption to MDCK cells. Animal experiments showed that CE significantly improved survival in mice after intra‐nasal administration of a lethal dose of influenza virus. In human intervention trials, participants were allocated to two groups, one in which the participants ingested cocoa for 3 weeks before and after vaccination against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus and another in which the participants did not ingest cocoa. Neutralizing antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm2009 influenza virus increased significantly in both groups; however, the extent of the increase was not significantly different between the two groups. Although natural killer cell activity was also elevated in both groups, the increase was more substantial in the cocoa intake group. CONCLUSION: Drinking cocoa activates natural immunity and enhances vaccination‐induced immune response, providing stronger protection against influenza virus infection and disease onset. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>25847473</pmid><doi>10.1002/jsfa.7197</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | active ingredients Administration, Oral adsorption Adult animal experimentation Animals Antimicrobial agents Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage Antiviral Agents - pharmacology Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use antiviral properties Biological effects Birds Boiling Cacao Cocoa cocoa (beverage) cocoa powder Disease Models, Animal Dogs dose response drinking Female Human human influenza Humans immune response Immune system immunostimulation Influenza Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - drug effects Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - drug effects Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - drug effects Influenza B virus Influenza virus Influenza, Human - drug therapy Influenza, Human - virology Inhibitory Concentration 50 innate immunity Kidneys lethal dose Male Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C natural killer cells neutralizing antibodies NK cell activity Phytotherapy Plant Extracts - administration & dosage Plant Extracts - pharmacology Plant Extracts - therapeutic use vaccination Viruses |
| title | Anti‐influenza virus effects of cocoa |
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