Chronic nitrogen fertilization and carbon sequestration in grassland soils: evidence of a microbial enzyme link

Chronic nitrogen (N) fertilization can greatly affect soil carbon (C) sequestration by altering biochemical interactions between plant detritus and soil microbes. In lignin-rich forest soils, chronic N additions tend to increase soil C content partly by decreasing the activity of lignin-degrading en...

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Veröffentlicht in:Biogeochemistry 2015-12, Vol.126 (3), p.301-313
Hauptverfasser: Cenini, Valeria L., Fornara, Dario A., McMullan, Geoffrey, Ternan, Nigel, Lajtha, Kate, Crawley, Michael J.
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container_issue 3
container_start_page 301
container_title Biogeochemistry
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creator Cenini, Valeria L.
Fornara, Dario A.
McMullan, Geoffrey
Ternan, Nigel
Lajtha, Kate
Crawley, Michael J.
description Chronic nitrogen (N) fertilization can greatly affect soil carbon (C) sequestration by altering biochemical interactions between plant detritus and soil microbes. In lignin-rich forest soils, chronic N additions tend to increase soil C content partly by decreasing the activity of lignin-degrading enzymes. In cellulose-rich grassland soils it is not clear whether cellulose-degrading enzymes are also inhibited by N additions and what consequences this might have on changes in soil C content. Here we address whether chronic N fertilization has affected (1) the C content of light versus heavier soil fractions, and (2) the activity of four extracellular enzymes including the C-acquiring enzyme β-1,4-glucosidase (BG; necessary for cellulose hydrolysis). We found that 19 years of chronic N-only addition to permanent grassland have significantly increased soil C sequestration in heavy but not in light soil density fractions, and this C accrual was associated with a significant increase (and not decrease) of BG activity. Chronic N fertilization may increase BG activity because greater N availability reduces root C:N ratios thus increasing microbial demand for C, which is met by C inputs from enhanced root C pools in N-only fertilized soils. However, BG activity and total root mass strongly decreased in high pH soils under the application of lime (i.e. CaCO₃), which reduced the ability of these organo-mineral soils to gain more C per units of N added. Our study is the first to show a potential 'enzyme link' between (1) long-term additions of inorganic N to grassland soils, and (2) the greater C content of organo-mineral soil fractions. Our new hypothesis is that the 'enzyme link' occurs because (a) BG activity is stimulated by increased microbial C demand relative to N under chronic fertilization, and (b) increased BG activity causes more C from roots and from microbial metabolites to accumulate and stabilize into organomineral C fractions. We suggest that any combination of management practices that can influence the BG 'enzyme link' will have far reaching implications for long-term C sequestration in grassland soils.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s10533-015-0157-5
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subjects Biogeochemistry
Biogeosciences
Carbon sequestration
Cellulose
Detritus
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Ecosystems
Environmental Chemistry
Enzymes
Fertilizers
Forest soils
Grasslands
Life Sciences
Metabolites
Nitrogen
Soil density
Soil microorganisms
Soil pH
Soils
title Chronic nitrogen fertilization and carbon sequestration in grassland soils: evidence of a microbial enzyme link
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