Bone morphogenetic protein expression in newborn rat kidneys after prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation
Effects of nonthermal radiofrequency radiation (RFR) of the global system of mobile communication (GSM) cellular phones have been as yet mostly studied at the molecular level in the context of cellular stress and proliferation, as well as neurotransmitter production and localization. In this study,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Bioelectromagnetics 2004-04, Vol.25 (3), p.216-227 |
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| creator | Pyrpasopoulou, Athina Kotoula, Vassiliki Cheva, Angeliki Hytiroglou, Prodromos Nikolakaki, Eleni Magras, Ioannis N. Xenos, Thomas D. Tsiboukis, Theodoros D. Karkavelas, Georgios |
| description | Effects of nonthermal radiofrequency radiation (RFR) of the global system of mobile communication (GSM) cellular phones have been as yet mostly studied at the molecular level in the context of cellular stress and proliferation, as well as neurotransmitter production and localization. In this study, a simulation model was designed for the exposure of pregnant rats to pulsed GSM‐like RFR (9.4 GHz), based on the different resonant frequencies of man and rat. The power density applied was 5 μW/cm2, in order to avoid thermal electromagnetic effects as much as possible. Pregnant rats were exposed to RFR during days 1–3 postcoitum (p.c.) (embryogenesis, pre‐implantation) and days 4–7 p.c. (early organogenesis, peri‐implantation). Relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), members of a molecular family currently considered as major endocrine and autocrine morphogens and known to be involved in renal development, were investigated in newborn kidneys from RFR exposed and sham irradiated (control) rats. Semi‐quantitative duplex RT‐PCR for BMP‐4, ‐7, BMPR‐IA, ‐IB, and ‐II showed increased BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA, and decreased BMPR‐II relative expression in newborn kidneys. These changes were statistically significant for BMP‐4, BMPR‐IA, and ‐II after exposure on days 1–3 p.c. (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/bem.10185 |
| format | Article |
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In this study, a simulation model was designed for the exposure of pregnant rats to pulsed GSM‐like RFR (9.4 GHz), based on the different resonant frequencies of man and rat. The power density applied was 5 μW/cm2, in order to avoid thermal electromagnetic effects as much as possible. Pregnant rats were exposed to RFR during days 1–3 postcoitum (p.c.) (embryogenesis, pre‐implantation) and days 4–7 p.c. (early organogenesis, peri‐implantation). Relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), members of a molecular family currently considered as major endocrine and autocrine morphogens and known to be involved in renal development, were investigated in newborn kidneys from RFR exposed and sham irradiated (control) rats. Semi‐quantitative duplex RT‐PCR for BMP‐4, ‐7, BMPR‐IA, ‐IB, and ‐II showed increased BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA, and decreased BMPR‐II relative expression in newborn kidneys. These changes were statistically significant for BMP‐4, BMPR‐IA, and ‐II after exposure on days 1–3 p.c. (P < .001 each), and for BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA after exposure on days 4–7 p.c. (P < .001 and P = .005, respectively). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) showed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules at the histological level. Our findings suggest that GSM‐like RFR interferes with gene expression during early gestation and results in aberrations of BMP expression in the newborn. These molecular changes do not appear to affect renal organogenesis and may reflect a delay in the development of this organ. The differences of relative BMP expression after different time periods of exposure indicate the importance of timing for GSM‐like RFR effects on embryonic development. 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In this study, a simulation model was designed for the exposure of pregnant rats to pulsed GSM‐like RFR (9.4 GHz), based on the different resonant frequencies of man and rat. The power density applied was 5 μW/cm2, in order to avoid thermal electromagnetic effects as much as possible. Pregnant rats were exposed to RFR during days 1–3 postcoitum (p.c.) (embryogenesis, pre‐implantation) and days 4–7 p.c. (early organogenesis, peri‐implantation). Relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), members of a molecular family currently considered as major endocrine and autocrine morphogens and known to be involved in renal development, were investigated in newborn kidneys from RFR exposed and sham irradiated (control) rats. Semi‐quantitative duplex RT‐PCR for BMP‐4, ‐7, BMPR‐IA, ‐IB, and ‐II showed increased BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA, and decreased BMPR‐II relative expression in newborn kidneys. These changes were statistically significant for BMP‐4, BMPR‐IA, and ‐II after exposure on days 1–3 p.c. (P < .001 each), and for BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA after exposure on days 4–7 p.c. (P < .001 and P = .005, respectively). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) showed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules at the histological level. Our findings suggest that GSM‐like RFR interferes with gene expression during early gestation and results in aberrations of BMP expression in the newborn. These molecular changes do not appear to affect renal organogenesis and may reflect a delay in the development of this organ. The differences of relative BMP expression after different time periods of exposure indicate the importance of timing for GSM‐like RFR effects on embryonic development. Bioelectromagnetics 25:216–227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Animals, Newborn</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>BMP</subject><subject>Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>DNA Primers</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>GSM</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>Kidney - embryology</subject><subject>Kidney - metabolism</subject><subject>Kidney - radiation effects</subject><subject>Maternal Exposure</subject><subject>molecular effect</subject><subject>nonthermal effects</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>relative expression</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>RFR</subject><issn>0197-8462</issn><issn>1521-186X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kLFOwzAURS0EglIY-AGUCYkhYMdO4oyAoEWisIBgsxznBQyJHWxXtH-PoQUmpucnnXv0fBE6IPiEYJyd1tDHB-H5BhqRPCMp4cXTJhphUpUpZ0W2g3a9f8UYc47pNtohOWZZQckIDefWQNJbN7zYZzAQtEoGZwNok8BicOC9tiaJm4GP2jqTOBmSN90YWPpEtgFc5MHIILuvgPVzB0mwEWu0bR28z8Go5fcqQ1Ttoa1Wdh7213OMHq4u7y-m6c3d5Pri7CZVtMJ5CnVZ56pSWEHVyqogwHFFScY5I4UEWZe4AJI1SjYM2kIyoJwx1eaNKhlnFR2jo5U3_ibe4IPotVfQddKAnXtBypIzzmkEj1egctZ7B60YnO6lWwqCxVe9ItYrvuuN7OFaOq97aP7IdZ8ROF0BH7qD5f8mcX45-1Gmq4T2ARa_CeneRFHSMhePtxMxpXw6mc2owPQTrnCWUw</recordid><startdate>200404</startdate><enddate>200404</enddate><creator>Pyrpasopoulou, Athina</creator><creator>Kotoula, Vassiliki</creator><creator>Cheva, Angeliki</creator><creator>Hytiroglou, Prodromos</creator><creator>Nikolakaki, Eleni</creator><creator>Magras, Ioannis N.</creator><creator>Xenos, Thomas D.</creator><creator>Tsiboukis, Theodoros D.</creator><creator>Karkavelas, Georgios</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200404</creationdate><title>Bone morphogenetic protein expression in newborn rat kidneys after prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation</title><author>Pyrpasopoulou, Athina ; 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In this study, a simulation model was designed for the exposure of pregnant rats to pulsed GSM‐like RFR (9.4 GHz), based on the different resonant frequencies of man and rat. The power density applied was 5 μW/cm2, in order to avoid thermal electromagnetic effects as much as possible. Pregnant rats were exposed to RFR during days 1–3 postcoitum (p.c.) (embryogenesis, pre‐implantation) and days 4–7 p.c. (early organogenesis, peri‐implantation). Relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), members of a molecular family currently considered as major endocrine and autocrine morphogens and known to be involved in renal development, were investigated in newborn kidneys from RFR exposed and sham irradiated (control) rats. Semi‐quantitative duplex RT‐PCR for BMP‐4, ‐7, BMPR‐IA, ‐IB, and ‐II showed increased BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA, and decreased BMPR‐II relative expression in newborn kidneys. These changes were statistically significant for BMP‐4, BMPR‐IA, and ‐II after exposure on days 1–3 p.c. (P < .001 each), and for BMP‐4 and BMPR‐IA after exposure on days 4–7 p.c. (P < .001 and P = .005, respectively). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) showed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules at the histological level. Our findings suggest that GSM‐like RFR interferes with gene expression during early gestation and results in aberrations of BMP expression in the newborn. These molecular changes do not appear to affect renal organogenesis and may reflect a delay in the development of this organ. The differences of relative BMP expression after different time periods of exposure indicate the importance of timing for GSM‐like RFR effects on embryonic development. Bioelectromagnetics 25:216–227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</pub><pmid>15042631</pmid><doi>10.1002/bem.10185</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Animals, Newborn Base Sequence BMP Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - metabolism DNA Primers Female GSM Immunohistochemistry Kidney - embryology Kidney - metabolism Kidney - radiation effects Maternal Exposure molecular effect nonthermal effects Pregnancy Rats Rats, Wistar relative expression Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RFR |
| title | Bone morphogenetic protein expression in newborn rat kidneys after prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation |
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