Propofol solubilization and structural transformations in dilutable microemulsion

[Display omitted] •Propofol, a very important anesthesia drug, served as the oil phase and was solubilized in a fully dilutable microemulsion.•Propofol had no effect on stability of the microemulsion and does not alter the structural transitions of the microemulsion upon water-dilution.•The propofol is well packed within the surfactant tails at high water dilutions and no free propofol is found in the aqueous phase upon dilution. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a drug for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Pure propofol cannot be injected because of its lipophilic character, low water-solubility, and low bioavailability. Presently, propofol is formulated in an unstable emulsion, easily oxidized, and easily contaminated with bacteria. We are proposing new, propofol-loaded modified microemulsions, stable thermodynamically, and microbiologically safe; the microemulsions are fully dilutable with water. Structural characterization of the empty and the propofol-loaded systems as a function of water dilution was accomplished using advanced analytical tools such as SD-NMR, SAXS, cryo-TEM, DSC, electrical conductivity, and viscosity. Upon water dilution the propofol-loaded concentrate forms swollen reverse micelles that upon further dilution (40wt% water) progressively transform into a bicontinuous mesophase and then invert (>65wt% water) into O/W nanodroplets without “losing” the solubilized propofol. The drug exhibits strong interactions with the surfactant (DSC and SD-NMR). Propofol increases the size of the microemulsion nanodroplets, but does not modify the microemulsion behavior. Water, ethanol, and PG are essential structural components, but do not interact directly with propofol.