Recruitment of Thyroid Hormone Receptor/Retinoblastoma-interacting Protein 230 by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator Is Required for the Transcriptional Response to Both Dioxin and Hypoxia

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/hypoxia-inducible factor (ARNT/HIF-1β) mediates an organism's response to various environmental cues, including those to chemical carcinogens, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin), via its formation of a functional transcription factor with the ligand activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Similarly, tissue responses to hypoxia are largely mediated through the HIF-1 heterodimeric transcription factor, comprising hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and ARNT. The latter response is essential for a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolytic anaerobic metabolism as well as for angiogenesis and has been implicated as necessary for growth in many solid tumors. In this report, we demonstrate that the thyroid hormone receptor/retinoblastoma-interacting protein 230 (TRIP230) interacts directly with ARNT and is essential for both hypoxic and TCDD-mediated transcriptional responses. We initially identified TRIP230 as an ARNT-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid assay screen. This interaction was confirmed in mammalian cell systems using co-immunoprecipitation and in mammalian two-hybrid assays. Furthermore, TRIP230 could be recorded at sites of activated transcription of either TCDD- or hypoxia-inducible genes in a stimulus-dependent fashion by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Finally, using single-cell microinjection and RNA interference assays, we demonstrate that TRIP230 is indispensable for TCDD- and hypoxia-dependent gene transcription.