Off-highway vehicle parks: Combining environment, knowledge, and enforcement for all-terrain vehicle injury prevention

► We compared off-road ATV crashes that occurred outside and inside state ATV parks. ► Crashes inside the parks had a lower proportion of youth and passenger injuries. ► 91% of park victims were helmeted versus 24% of victims outside the parks. ► Park victims had less severe head injuries than non-park victims. ► Park victims appeared to be more compliant with ATV safety regulations. The number of off-highway vehicle (OHV) parks continues to grow to meet the recreational needs of ATV enthusiasts and the increasing popularity of the vehicle. Little is known about how OHV park regulations and enforcement affect ATV safety among their users. This study was designed to determine whether there were differences in crash mechanisms and/or compliance with ATV safety laws and regulations when comparing off-road ATV crashes inside and outside state OHV parks. Relative to outside the parks, a smaller percentage of park victims were under the age of sixteen, a lower percentage were passengers, and a dramatically higher percentage were helmeted. Mean injury severity scores were not different inside and outside the parks, but 5% of outside victims had severe brain injuries, as compared to no park victims. Overall, park victims exhibited better compliance with ATV safety laws and regulations and suffered less severe brain injury outcomes. However, park crashes involved more jump-related injuries, suggesting that additional approaches are needed to improve park safety. These findings support the hypothesis that riding environments with safety regulations and effective enforcement can promote safe behaviors and may prevent injuries.