Formation of disinfection by-products in the ultraviolet/chlorine advanced oxidation process
Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation may be a concern when applying ultraviolet light and free chlorine (UV/chlorine) as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for drinking water treatment, due to typically large chlorine doses (e.g. 5–10mgL−1 as free chlorine). A potential mitigating factor is the...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Science of the total environment 2015-06, Vol.518-519, p.49-57 |
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| creator | Wang, Ding Bolton, James R. Andrews, Susan A. Hofmann, Ron |
| description | Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation may be a concern when applying ultraviolet light and free chlorine (UV/chlorine) as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for drinking water treatment, due to typically large chlorine doses (e.g. 5–10mgL−1 as free chlorine). A potential mitigating factor is the low chlorine contact times for this AOP treatment (e.g. seconds). Full-scale and pilot-scale test results showed minimal trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation during UV/chlorine treatment, while dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) were produced rapidly. Adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation was significant when applying the UV/chlorine process in water that had not been previously chlorinated, while little additional formation was observed in prechlorinated water. Chlorine photolysis led to chlorate and bromate formation, equivalent to approximately 2–17% and 0.01–0.05% of the photolyzed chlorine, respectively. No perchlorate or chlorite formation was observed. During simulated secondary disinfection of AOP-treated water, DBP formation potential for THMs, HAAs, HANs, and AOX was observed to increase approximately to the same extent as was observed for pretreatment using the more common AOP of UV combined with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2).
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•UV/chlorine leads to low organic DBP formation for a |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.094 |
| format | Article |
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[Display omitted]
•UV/chlorine leads to low organic DBP formation for a <1min reaction time.•HAN formation was fast, but overall concentration was below 6μg/L.•UV/chlorine increases 24h DBP formation potential to the same extent as UV/H2O2.•Chlorine photolysis leads to low bromate formation of less than 2μg/L.•Approximately 2–17% of photolyzed chlorine converts to chlorate.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-9697</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.094</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25747363</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Advanced oxidation ; Bromates ; Byproducts ; Chlorine ; Chlorine - chemistry ; Contact ; Disinfectants - analysis ; Disinfectants - chemistry ; Disinfection - methods ; Disinfection by-product ; Drinking water ; Formation potential ; Formations ; Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry ; Models, Chemical ; Oxidation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ultraviolet ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry ; Water Purification - methods</subject><ispartof>The Science of the total environment, 2015-06, Vol.518-519, p.49-57</ispartof><rights>2015 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c503t-557fc35d52731c604cd193bb64c12eb3a426a59ccfe5a82ede94a3d7705c45513</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c503t-557fc35d52731c604cd193bb64c12eb3a426a59ccfe5a82ede94a3d7705c45513</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2913-6257</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969715002478$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25747363$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ding</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bolton, James R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andrews, Susan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hofmann, Ron</creatorcontrib><title>Formation of disinfection by-products in the ultraviolet/chlorine advanced oxidation process</title><title>The Science of the total environment</title><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><description>Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation may be a concern when applying ultraviolet light and free chlorine (UV/chlorine) as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for drinking water treatment, due to typically large chlorine doses (e.g. 5–10mgL−1 as free chlorine). A potential mitigating factor is the low chlorine contact times for this AOP treatment (e.g. seconds). Full-scale and pilot-scale test results showed minimal trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation during UV/chlorine treatment, while dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) were produced rapidly. Adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation was significant when applying the UV/chlorine process in water that had not been previously chlorinated, while little additional formation was observed in prechlorinated water. Chlorine photolysis led to chlorate and bromate formation, equivalent to approximately 2–17% and 0.01–0.05% of the photolyzed chlorine, respectively. No perchlorate or chlorite formation was observed. During simulated secondary disinfection of AOP-treated water, DBP formation potential for THMs, HAAs, HANs, and AOX was observed to increase approximately to the same extent as was observed for pretreatment using the more common AOP of UV combined with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2).
[Display omitted]
•UV/chlorine leads to low organic DBP formation for a <1min reaction time.•HAN formation was fast, but overall concentration was below 6μg/L.•UV/chlorine increases 24h DBP formation potential to the same extent as UV/H2O2.•Chlorine photolysis leads to low bromate formation of less than 2μg/L.•Approximately 2–17% of photolyzed chlorine converts to chlorate.</description><subject>Advanced oxidation</subject><subject>Bromates</subject><subject>Byproducts</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chlorine - chemistry</subject><subject>Contact</subject><subject>Disinfectants - analysis</subject><subject>Disinfectants - chemistry</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>Disinfection by-product</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Formation potential</subject><subject>Formations</subject><subject>Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry</subject><subject>Models, Chemical</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Ultraviolet</subject><subject>Ultraviolet Rays</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkcFO3DAQhi0EKgvtK9AcuSR47DiOjwiVFgmJC9wqWY49EV5lY2o7q_L2eFngCr6MLH3_P9J8hPwE2gCF7mLdJOtzyDhvG0ZBNJQ1VLUHZAW9VDVQ1h2SFaVtX6tOyWNyktKalid7-EaOmZCt5B1fkb_XIW5M9mGuwlg5n_w8on39D8_1UwxusTlVfq7yI1bLlKPZ-jBhvrCPU4h-xsq4rZktuir8925fVXIWU_pOjkYzJfzxNk_Jw_Wv-6s_9e3d75ury9vaCspzLYQcLRdOMMnBdrS1DhQfhq61wHDgpmWdEcraEYXpGTpUreFOSipsKwTwU3K-7y17_y2Yst74ZHGazIxhSRoKygEkV19AOeu56kvgU7STwID3UhRU7lEbQ0oRR_0U_cbEZw1U74Tptf4QpnfCNGW6CCvJs7cly7BB95F7N1SAyz2A5YBbj3FXhLt7-1hEaRf8p0teAKU2rG8</recordid><startdate>20150615</startdate><enddate>20150615</enddate><creator>Wang, Ding</creator><creator>Bolton, James R.</creator><creator>Andrews, Susan A.</creator><creator>Hofmann, Ron</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2913-6257</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20150615</creationdate><title>Formation of disinfection by-products in the ultraviolet/chlorine advanced oxidation process</title><author>Wang, Ding ; Bolton, James R. ; Andrews, Susan A. ; Hofmann, Ron</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c503t-557fc35d52731c604cd193bb64c12eb3a426a59ccfe5a82ede94a3d7705c45513</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Advanced oxidation</topic><topic>Bromates</topic><topic>Byproducts</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Chlorine - chemistry</topic><topic>Contact</topic><topic>Disinfectants - analysis</topic><topic>Disinfectants - chemistry</topic><topic>Disinfection - methods</topic><topic>Disinfection by-product</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Formation potential</topic><topic>Formations</topic><topic>Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry</topic><topic>Models, Chemical</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Ultraviolet</topic><topic>Ultraviolet Rays</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</topic><topic>Water Purification - methods</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ding</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bolton, James R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andrews, Susan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hofmann, Ron</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Ding</au><au>Bolton, James R.</au><au>Andrews, Susan A.</au><au>Hofmann, Ron</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Formation of disinfection by-products in the ultraviolet/chlorine advanced oxidation process</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><date>2015-06-15</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>518-519</volume><spage>49</spage><epage>57</epage><pages>49-57</pages><issn>0048-9697</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation may be a concern when applying ultraviolet light and free chlorine (UV/chlorine) as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for drinking water treatment, due to typically large chlorine doses (e.g. 5–10mgL−1 as free chlorine). A potential mitigating factor is the low chlorine contact times for this AOP treatment (e.g. seconds). Full-scale and pilot-scale test results showed minimal trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation during UV/chlorine treatment, while dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) were produced rapidly. Adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation was significant when applying the UV/chlorine process in water that had not been previously chlorinated, while little additional formation was observed in prechlorinated water. Chlorine photolysis led to chlorate and bromate formation, equivalent to approximately 2–17% and 0.01–0.05% of the photolyzed chlorine, respectively. No perchlorate or chlorite formation was observed. During simulated secondary disinfection of AOP-treated water, DBP formation potential for THMs, HAAs, HANs, and AOX was observed to increase approximately to the same extent as was observed for pretreatment using the more common AOP of UV combined with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2).
[Display omitted]
•UV/chlorine leads to low organic DBP formation for a <1min reaction time.•HAN formation was fast, but overall concentration was below 6μg/L.•UV/chlorine increases 24h DBP formation potential to the same extent as UV/H2O2.•Chlorine photolysis leads to low bromate formation of less than 2μg/L.•Approximately 2–17% of photolyzed chlorine converts to chlorate.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>25747363</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.094</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2913-6257</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | Advanced oxidation Bromates Byproducts Chlorine Chlorine - chemistry Contact Disinfectants - analysis Disinfectants - chemistry Disinfection - methods Disinfection by-product Drinking water Formation potential Formations Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Models, Chemical Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Rays Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry Water Purification - methods |
| title | Formation of disinfection by-products in the ultraviolet/chlorine advanced oxidation process |
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