A resistant predator and its toxic prey: Persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes
The common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) preys upon the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa), which contains the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the skin. TTX is toxic, large quantities are present in a newt, and highly resistant snakes have the ability to ingest multiple newts; subsequently...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of chemical ecology 2004-10, Vol.30 (10), p.1901-1919 |
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creator | WILLIAMS, Becky L BRODIE, Edmund D BRODIE, Edmund D |
description | The common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) preys upon the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa), which contains the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the skin. TTX is toxic, large quantities are present in a newt, and highly resistant snakes have the ability to ingest multiple newts; subsequently snakes harbor significant amounts of active toxin in their own tissues after consuming a newt. Snakes harbor TTX in the liver for 1 mo or more after consuming just one newt, and at least 7 wk after consuming a diet of newts. Three weeks after eating one newt, snakes contained an average of 42 microg of TTX in the liver. This amount could severely incapacitate or kill avian predators, and mammalian predators may be negatively affected as well. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1023/b:joec.0000045585.77875.09 |
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TTX is toxic, large quantities are present in a newt, and highly resistant snakes have the ability to ingest multiple newts; subsequently snakes harbor significant amounts of active toxin in their own tissues after consuming a newt. Snakes harbor TTX in the liver for 1 mo or more after consuming just one newt, and at least 7 wk after consuming a diet of newts. Three weeks after eating one newt, snakes contained an average of 42 microg of TTX in the liver. This amount could severely incapacitate or kill avian predators, and mammalian predators may be negatively affected as well.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0098-0331</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-1561</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000045585.77875.09</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15609827</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JCECD8</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: Springer</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Autoecology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Colubridae ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Liver - drug effects ; Liver - metabolism ; Neurotoxins ; Predators ; Predatory Behavior - drug effects ; Predatory Behavior - physiology ; Reptilia. 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TTX is toxic, large quantities are present in a newt, and highly resistant snakes have the ability to ingest multiple newts; subsequently snakes harbor significant amounts of active toxin in their own tissues after consuming a newt. Snakes harbor TTX in the liver for 1 mo or more after consuming just one newt, and at least 7 wk after consuming a diet of newts. Three weeks after eating one newt, snakes contained an average of 42 microg of TTX in the liver. This amount could severely incapacitate or kill avian predators, and mammalian predators may be negatively affected as well.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Colubridae</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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Amphibia</subject><subject>Salamandridae</subject><subject>Skin - chemistry</subject><subject>Skin - drug effects</subject><subject>Snakes</subject><subject>Taricha granulosa</subject><subject>Tetrodotoxin - chemistry</subject><subject>Tetrodotoxin - toxicity</subject><subject>Thamnophis sirtalis</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Vertebrata</subject><issn>0098-0331</issn><issn>1573-1561</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV9rFDEUxYNY7Lb6FSQUlPowazJJJjP7VpfWKoX6oM_h5h_MdjZZk6zab99Mu7BgXi7J-d2bwz0IXVCypKRln_VqE51ZkvlwIXqxlLKXYkmGV2hBhWQNFR19jRaEDH1DGKOn6CznTcXbrhdv0GnVq9TKBXq4wsnlMRcIBe-Ss1BiwhAsHkvGJf4bzfz8uMI_XJo5F4zD0ePg_pZnPeDJgZ1ZvItjjiHuM74MseA_LsRtvX3COcCDy2_RiYcpu3eHeo5-3Vz_XN82d_dfv62v7hrDJS2Nlp0HCUI4SzUToMGD7TUYT8Bw6zXlnHnLBzAD1wMbqG5t64k21lIjODtHH1_m7lL8vXe5qO2YjZsmCK7aUVTKugneVfDiP3AT9ylUb0oyRggTUlRo9QKZFHNOzqtdGreQHhUlas5DfVHf76_X6piHes5DkaE2vz_8sNdbZ4-thwAq8OEAQDYw-QTBjPnIda0chp6zJ4gylto</recordid><startdate>20041001</startdate><enddate>20041001</enddate><creator>WILLIAMS, Becky L</creator><creator>BRODIE, Edmund D</creator><creator>BRODIE, Edmund D</creator><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20041001</creationdate><title>A resistant predator and its toxic prey: Persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes</title><author>WILLIAMS, Becky L ; BRODIE, Edmund D ; BRODIE, Edmund D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c471t-b76fa7a55ed1b35abafad8bacf0ac4dfb1443fd49ac94b9391b2d2f0bcdd1c543</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Autoecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Colubridae</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Liver - drug effects</topic><topic>Liver - metabolism</topic><topic>Neurotoxins</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Predatory Behavior - drug effects</topic><topic>Predatory Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Reptilia. 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subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Autoecology Biological and medical sciences Colubridae Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Liver - drug effects Liver - metabolism Neurotoxins Predators Predatory Behavior - drug effects Predatory Behavior - physiology Reptilia. Amphibia Salamandridae Skin - chemistry Skin - drug effects Snakes Taricha granulosa Tetrodotoxin - chemistry Tetrodotoxin - toxicity Thamnophis sirtalis Time Factors Toxins Vertebrata |
title | A resistant predator and its toxic prey: Persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes |
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