Direct effect of ammonia on three species of North American anuran amphibians

Leopard frog (Rana pipiens), green frog (Rana clamitans), and American toad (Bufo americanus) embryos were exposed to different un-ionized ammonia (NH(3)) levels over an ecologically relevant range (0-2 mg NH3/L H2O). Hatching success and prevalence of deformities were recorded after acute exposures...

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Veröffentlicht in:Environmental toxicology and chemistry 1999-08, Vol.18 (8), p.1806-1812
Hauptverfasser: Jofre, M.B, Karasov, W.H
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Karasov, W.H
description Leopard frog (Rana pipiens), green frog (Rana clamitans), and American toad (Bufo americanus) embryos were exposed to different un-ionized ammonia (NH(3)) levels over an ecologically relevant range (0-2 mg NH3/L H2O). Hatching success and prevalence of deformities were recorded after acute exposures (3-5 d duration) at 23 degrees C and pH 8.7. Green frog tadpoles were exposed to different NH3 levels in a subchronic experiment (114 d), and growth, survival, and metamorphosis were monitored. Survival declined, the prevalence of deformities increased, and growth and development were slow in anuran embryos and tadpoles exposed to NH3 concentrations in excess of 0.6 mg/L (green frogs) or 1.5 mg/L (leopard frogs). No effects were observed in American toads up to a concentration of 0.9 mg/L NH3. It appears from the few data available that anurans may not be particularly sensitive to NH3 when compared with many fish species and that water quality criteria determined using data collected on fish species will be protective for many anuran amphibians. The NH3 concentrations that caused negative effects in these experiments are higher than measured values for water in the Fox River-Green Bay ecosystem (WI, USA) but lower than for pore sediment water. In this ecosystem, anuran amphibians are potentially exposed to hazardous levels of NH3 when they hibernate on the bottom or buried in sediments or during episodic releases of NH3 from sediments.
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Hatching success and prevalence of deformities were recorded after acute exposures (3-5 d duration) at 23 degrees C and pH 8.7. Green frog tadpoles were exposed to different NH3 levels in a subchronic experiment (114 d), and growth, survival, and metamorphosis were monitored. Survival declined, the prevalence of deformities increased, and growth and development were slow in anuran embryos and tadpoles exposed to NH3 concentrations in excess of 0.6 mg/L (green frogs) or 1.5 mg/L (leopard frogs). No effects were observed in American toads up to a concentration of 0.9 mg/L NH3. It appears from the few data available that anurans may not be particularly sensitive to NH3 when compared with many fish species and that water quality criteria determined using data collected on fish species will be protective for many anuran amphibians. The NH3 concentrations that caused negative effects in these experiments are higher than measured values for water in the Fox River-Green Bay ecosystem (WI, USA) but lower than for pore sediment water. 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The NH3 concentrations that caused negative effects in these experiments are higher than measured values for water in the Fox River-Green Bay ecosystem (WI, USA) but lower than for pore sediment water. In this ecosystem, anuran amphibians are potentially exposed to hazardous levels of NH3 when they hibernate on the bottom or buried in sediments or during episodic releases of NH3 from sediments.</description><subject>adverse effects</subject><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Amphibians</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>biological development</subject><subject>Bufo</subject><subject>Bufo americanus</subject><subject>Development</subject><subject>ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates</subject><subject>environmental exposure</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Green Bay</subject><subject>North America</subject><subject>Rana clamitans</subject><subject>Rana pipiens</subject><subject>Reptilia. 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Psychology</topic><topic>Green Bay</topic><topic>North America</topic><topic>Rana clamitans</topic><topic>Rana pipiens</topic><topic>Reptilia. Amphibia</topic><topic>Survival</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jofre, M.B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karasov, W.H</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences &amp; Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution &amp; Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><jtitle>Environmental toxicology and chemistry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jofre, M.B</au><au>Karasov, W.H</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Direct effect of ammonia on three species of North American anuran amphibians</atitle><jtitle>Environmental toxicology and chemistry</jtitle><addtitle>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</addtitle><date>1999-08</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1806</spage><epage>1812</epage><pages>1806-1812</pages><issn>0730-7268</issn><eissn>1552-8618</eissn><coden>ETOCDK</coden><abstract>Leopard frog (Rana pipiens), green frog (Rana clamitans), and American toad (Bufo americanus) embryos were exposed to different un-ionized ammonia (NH(3)) levels over an ecologically relevant range (0-2 mg NH3/L H2O). 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The NH3 concentrations that caused negative effects in these experiments are higher than measured values for water in the Fox River-Green Bay ecosystem (WI, USA) but lower than for pore sediment water. In this ecosystem, anuran amphibians are potentially exposed to hazardous levels of NH3 when they hibernate on the bottom or buried in sediments or during episodic releases of NH3 from sediments.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Periodicals, Inc</pub><doi>10.1002/etc.5620180829</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects adverse effects
Ammonia
Amphibians
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Applied ecology
Biological and medical sciences
biological development
Bufo
Bufo americanus
Development
ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution
Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates
environmental exposure
Freshwater
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Green Bay
North America
Rana clamitans
Rana pipiens
Reptilia. Amphibia
Survival
title Direct effect of ammonia on three species of North American anuran amphibians
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