Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia
Aim Males typically outnumber females in cerebral palsy (CP) cohorts. To better understand this ‘male disadvantage’ and provide insight into causal pathways to CP, this study used 1983 to 2009 Australian CP and population birth cohorts to identify associations and trends with respect to biological s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Developmental medicine and child neurology 2016-02, Vol.58 (S2), p.43-49 |
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| container_title | Developmental medicine and child neurology |
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| creator | Reid, Susan M Meehan, Elaine Gibson, Catherine S Scott, Heather Delacy, Michael J |
| description | Aim
Males typically outnumber females in cerebral palsy (CP) cohorts. To better understand this ‘male disadvantage’ and provide insight into causal pathways to CP, this study used 1983 to 2009 Australian CP and population birth cohorts to identify associations and trends with respect to biological sex and CP.
Method
Within birth gestation groups, sex ratios were calculated to evaluate any male excess in the CP cohort compared with livebirths, neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality and survival rates, neonatal survivors, and CP rates in survivors. Sex‐ and gestation‐specific trends in neonatal mortality, CP rates, and CP sex ratios were assessed by plotting their annual frequencies and fitting quadratic curves.
Results
Over‐representation of males in preterm live births partly explained the male excess in the CP cohort after preterm birth, especially at 28 to 31 weeks. Higher CP rates in male neonatal survivors also contributed to the male excess in CP, particularly at |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/dmcn.13021 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1764699139</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1764699139</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4351-9b412bf630289997de764ca4fdf41b39c0e91af585d47cfbb830616d4681d3d3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kDtPwzAURi0EouWx8AOQR4RI8Y0dJx5Ly0sqsFSskWM7YMij2Img_x6XFEa83OE7OrIOQidAJhDepa5VMwFKYthBY2BcRFnKxC4aEwJxBDyOR-jA-zdCCOUJ20ejmKc8zjgdo_mVbav2xSpZYW--sGw07l4Ndta_47bEyjhTuDCuZOXX2Db42aqudVZe4GnvuzBZeYT2yjCb4-09RMub6-XsLlo83d7PpotIMZpAJAoGcVHy8NNMCJFqk3KmJCt1yaCgQhEjQJZJlmiWqrIoMko4cM14BppqeojOBu3KtR-98V1eW69MVcnGtL3PIei4EEBFQM8HVLnWe2fKfOVsLd06B5JvouWbaPlPtACfbr19URv9h_5WCgAMwKetzPofVT5_mD0O0m9WMXW1</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1764699139</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Free Content</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Reid, Susan M ; Meehan, Elaine ; Gibson, Catherine S ; Scott, Heather ; Delacy, Michael J</creator><creatorcontrib>Reid, Susan M ; Meehan, Elaine ; Gibson, Catherine S ; Scott, Heather ; Delacy, Michael J ; Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group ; the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</creatorcontrib><description>Aim
Males typically outnumber females in cerebral palsy (CP) cohorts. To better understand this ‘male disadvantage’ and provide insight into causal pathways to CP, this study used 1983 to 2009 Australian CP and population birth cohorts to identify associations and trends with respect to biological sex and CP.
Method
Within birth gestation groups, sex ratios were calculated to evaluate any male excess in the CP cohort compared with livebirths, neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality and survival rates, neonatal survivors, and CP rates in survivors. Sex‐ and gestation‐specific trends in neonatal mortality, CP rates, and CP sex ratios were assessed by plotting their annual frequencies and fitting quadratic curves.
Results
Over‐representation of males in preterm live births partly explained the male excess in the CP cohort after preterm birth, especially at 28 to 31 weeks. Higher CP rates in male neonatal survivors also contributed to the male excess in CP, particularly at <28 and 37+ weeks. Higher neonatal mortality rates in males at all gestations had little impact on the CP sex ratio. There was no clearly discernible change over time in the CP sex ratio.
Interpretation
Gestation‐specific associations between sex and CP provide insight into causal pathways to CP and suggest sex‐specific differences in response to neuroprotective strategies.
What this paper adds
The male excess in live births was highest at gestations <37 weeks.
The increased risk of CP in males was most pronounced in neonatal survivors of birth at <28 and 37+ weeks' gestation.
The CP sex ratio remained relatively stable overall, although there were gestation‐specific trends.
The possibility of sex‐specific differences in neuroprotective strategies is supported.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-1622</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-8749</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13021</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26762863</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England</publisher><subject>Cerebral Palsy - epidemiology ; Cerebral Palsy - etiology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth - epidemiology ; Risk ; Sex Factors ; Survival Rate ; Victoria - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2016-02, Vol.58 (S2), p.43-49</ispartof><rights>2016 The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology © 2016 Mac Keith Press</rights><rights>2016 The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology © 2016 Mac Keith Press.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4351-9b412bf630289997de764ca4fdf41b39c0e91af585d47cfbb830616d4681d3d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4351-9b412bf630289997de764ca4fdf41b39c0e91af585d47cfbb830616d4681d3d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fdmcn.13021$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fdmcn.13021$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762863$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Reid, Susan M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meehan, Elaine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibson, Catherine S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, Heather</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delacy, Michael J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</creatorcontrib><title>Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia</title><title>Developmental medicine and child neurology</title><addtitle>Dev Med Child Neurol</addtitle><description>Aim
Males typically outnumber females in cerebral palsy (CP) cohorts. To better understand this ‘male disadvantage’ and provide insight into causal pathways to CP, this study used 1983 to 2009 Australian CP and population birth cohorts to identify associations and trends with respect to biological sex and CP.
Method
Within birth gestation groups, sex ratios were calculated to evaluate any male excess in the CP cohort compared with livebirths, neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality and survival rates, neonatal survivors, and CP rates in survivors. Sex‐ and gestation‐specific trends in neonatal mortality, CP rates, and CP sex ratios were assessed by plotting their annual frequencies and fitting quadratic curves.
Results
Over‐representation of males in preterm live births partly explained the male excess in the CP cohort after preterm birth, especially at 28 to 31 weeks. Higher CP rates in male neonatal survivors also contributed to the male excess in CP, particularly at <28 and 37+ weeks. Higher neonatal mortality rates in males at all gestations had little impact on the CP sex ratio. There was no clearly discernible change over time in the CP sex ratio.
Interpretation
Gestation‐specific associations between sex and CP provide insight into causal pathways to CP and suggest sex‐specific differences in response to neuroprotective strategies.
What this paper adds
The male excess in live births was highest at gestations <37 weeks.
The increased risk of CP in males was most pronounced in neonatal survivors of birth at <28 and 37+ weeks' gestation.
The CP sex ratio remained relatively stable overall, although there were gestation‐specific trends.
The possibility of sex‐specific differences in neuroprotective strategies is supported.</description><subject>Cerebral Palsy - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cerebral Palsy - etiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gestational Age</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Premature Birth - epidemiology</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Survival Rate</subject><subject>Victoria - epidemiology</subject><issn>0012-1622</issn><issn>1469-8749</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kDtPwzAURi0EouWx8AOQR4RI8Y0dJx5Ly0sqsFSskWM7YMij2Img_x6XFEa83OE7OrIOQidAJhDepa5VMwFKYthBY2BcRFnKxC4aEwJxBDyOR-jA-zdCCOUJ20ejmKc8zjgdo_mVbav2xSpZYW--sGw07l4Ndta_47bEyjhTuDCuZOXX2Db42aqudVZe4GnvuzBZeYT2yjCb4-09RMub6-XsLlo83d7PpotIMZpAJAoGcVHy8NNMCJFqk3KmJCt1yaCgQhEjQJZJlmiWqrIoMko4cM14BppqeojOBu3KtR-98V1eW69MVcnGtL3PIei4EEBFQM8HVLnWe2fKfOVsLd06B5JvouWbaPlPtACfbr19URv9h_5WCgAMwKetzPofVT5_mD0O0m9WMXW1</recordid><startdate>201602</startdate><enddate>201602</enddate><creator>Reid, Susan M</creator><creator>Meehan, Elaine</creator><creator>Gibson, Catherine S</creator><creator>Scott, Heather</creator><creator>Delacy, Michael J</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201602</creationdate><title>Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia</title><author>Reid, Susan M ; Meehan, Elaine ; Gibson, Catherine S ; Scott, Heather ; Delacy, Michael J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4351-9b412bf630289997de764ca4fdf41b39c0e91af585d47cfbb830616d4681d3d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Cerebral Palsy - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cerebral Palsy - etiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gestational Age</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Premature Birth - epidemiology</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Survival Rate</topic><topic>Victoria - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Reid, Susan M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meehan, Elaine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibson, Catherine S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, Heather</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delacy, Michael J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Developmental medicine and child neurology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Reid, Susan M</au><au>Meehan, Elaine</au><au>Gibson, Catherine S</au><au>Scott, Heather</au><au>Delacy, Michael J</au><aucorp>Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</aucorp><aucorp>the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia</atitle><jtitle>Developmental medicine and child neurology</jtitle><addtitle>Dev Med Child Neurol</addtitle><date>2016-02</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>58</volume><issue>S2</issue><spage>43</spage><epage>49</epage><pages>43-49</pages><issn>0012-1622</issn><eissn>1469-8749</eissn><abstract>Aim
Males typically outnumber females in cerebral palsy (CP) cohorts. To better understand this ‘male disadvantage’ and provide insight into causal pathways to CP, this study used 1983 to 2009 Australian CP and population birth cohorts to identify associations and trends with respect to biological sex and CP.
Method
Within birth gestation groups, sex ratios were calculated to evaluate any male excess in the CP cohort compared with livebirths, neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality and survival rates, neonatal survivors, and CP rates in survivors. Sex‐ and gestation‐specific trends in neonatal mortality, CP rates, and CP sex ratios were assessed by plotting their annual frequencies and fitting quadratic curves.
Results
Over‐representation of males in preterm live births partly explained the male excess in the CP cohort after preterm birth, especially at 28 to 31 weeks. Higher CP rates in male neonatal survivors also contributed to the male excess in CP, particularly at <28 and 37+ weeks. Higher neonatal mortality rates in males at all gestations had little impact on the CP sex ratio. There was no clearly discernible change over time in the CP sex ratio.
Interpretation
Gestation‐specific associations between sex and CP provide insight into causal pathways to CP and suggest sex‐specific differences in response to neuroprotective strategies.
What this paper adds
The male excess in live births was highest at gestations <37 weeks.
The increased risk of CP in males was most pronounced in neonatal survivors of birth at <28 and 37+ weeks' gestation.
The CP sex ratio remained relatively stable overall, although there were gestation‐specific trends.
The possibility of sex‐specific differences in neuroprotective strategies is supported.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pmid>26762863</pmid><doi>10.1111/dmcn.13021</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2016-02, Vol.58 (S2), p.43-49 |
| issn | 0012-1622 1469-8749 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Free Content; Access via Wiley Online Library |
| subjects | Cerebral Palsy - epidemiology Cerebral Palsy - etiology Female Gestational Age Humans Infant, Newborn Male Pregnancy Premature Birth - epidemiology Risk Sex Factors Survival Rate Victoria - epidemiology |
| title | Biological sex and the risk of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia |
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