Risk of severe driver injury by driving with psychoactive substances
•We estimated risk of serious road accident injury when driving under the influence.•Risk of driving with alcohol and other drugs was estimated in a case–control design.•Highest risk was associated with driving with high concentrations of alcohol.•Other high-risk groups were amphetamine and combinat...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Accident analysis and prevention 2013-10, Vol.59, p.346-356 |
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| creator | Hels, Tove Lyckegaard, Allan Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese Steentoft, Anni Bernhoft, Inger Marie |
| description | •We estimated risk of serious road accident injury when driving under the influence.•Risk of driving with alcohol and other drugs was estimated in a case–control design.•Highest risk was associated with driving with high concentrations of alcohol.•Other high-risk groups were amphetamine and combinations of alcohol and other drugs.•Estimated risks were negatively correlated with age and higher for women than for men.
Driving with alcohol and other psychoactive substances imposes an increased risk of severe injury accidents. In a population-based case–control design, the relative risks of severe driver injury (MAIS≥2) by driving with ten substance groups were approximated by odds ratios (alcohol, amphetamines, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, cannabis, illicit opiates, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, i.e. zolpidem and zopiclone, medicinal opioids, alcohol–drug combinations and drug–drug combinations). Data from six countries were included in the study: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Lithuania and the Netherlands. Case samples (N=2490) were collected from severely injured drivers of passenger cars or vans in selected hospitals in various regions of the countries. Control samples (N=15,832) were sampled in a uniform sampling scheme stratified according to country, time, road type and season. Relative risks were approximated by odds ratios and calculated by logistic regression. The estimates were adjusted for age, gender and country.
The highest risk of the driver being severely injured was associated with driving positive for high concentrations of alcohol (≥0.8g/L), alone or in combination with other psychoactive substances. For alcohol, risk increased exponentially with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The second most risky category contained various drug–drug combinations, amphetamines and medicinal opioids. Medium increased risk was associated with medium sized BACs (at or above 0.5g/L, below 0.8g/L) and benzoylecgonine. The least risky drug seemed to be cannabis and benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.
For male drivers, the risk of being severely injured by driving with any of the psychoactive substances was about 65% of that of female drivers. For each of the substance groups there was a decrease in the risk of severe driver injury with increasing age.
It is concluded that among psychoactive substances alcohol still poses the largest problem in terms of driver risk of getting injured. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.003 |
| format | Article |
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Driving with alcohol and other psychoactive substances imposes an increased risk of severe injury accidents. In a population-based case–control design, the relative risks of severe driver injury (MAIS≥2) by driving with ten substance groups were approximated by odds ratios (alcohol, amphetamines, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, cannabis, illicit opiates, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, i.e. zolpidem and zopiclone, medicinal opioids, alcohol–drug combinations and drug–drug combinations). Data from six countries were included in the study: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Lithuania and the Netherlands. Case samples (N=2490) were collected from severely injured drivers of passenger cars or vans in selected hospitals in various regions of the countries. Control samples (N=15,832) were sampled in a uniform sampling scheme stratified according to country, time, road type and season. Relative risks were approximated by odds ratios and calculated by logistic regression. The estimates were adjusted for age, gender and country.
The highest risk of the driver being severely injured was associated with driving positive for high concentrations of alcohol (≥0.8g/L), alone or in combination with other psychoactive substances. For alcohol, risk increased exponentially with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The second most risky category contained various drug–drug combinations, amphetamines and medicinal opioids. Medium increased risk was associated with medium sized BACs (at or above 0.5g/L, below 0.8g/L) and benzoylecgonine. The least risky drug seemed to be cannabis and benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.
For male drivers, the risk of being severely injured by driving with any of the psychoactive substances was about 65% of that of female drivers. For each of the substance groups there was a decrease in the risk of severe driver injury with increasing age.
It is concluded that among psychoactive substances alcohol still poses the largest problem in terms of driver risk of getting injured.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0001-4575</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2057</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.003</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23867258</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Accidents, Traffic - statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age ; Age Distribution ; Alcohol Drinking - blood ; Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology ; Alcoholic Intoxication - blood ; Alcoholic Intoxication - epidemiology ; Alcohols ; Amphetamines ; Belgium - epidemiology ; Benzodiazepines ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cannabis ; Case-Control Studies ; Case–control design ; Denmark - epidemiology ; Driver injury risk ; Driving under the influence ; Female ; Finland - epidemiology ; Humans ; Injuries ; Injury Severity Score ; Italy - epidemiology ; Lithuania - epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Marijuana Smoking - blood ; Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Miscellaneous ; Netherlands - epidemiology ; Occupant injuries ; Odds Ratio ; Prevention and actions ; Psychotropic Drugs - blood ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Risk ; Road accident ; Sex Distribution ; Substance Abuse Detection ; Substance-Related Disorders - blood ; Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Accident analysis and prevention, 2013-10, Vol.59, p.346-356</ispartof><rights>2013 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e6eca6f051ea8f9de30782797d60a9ce829b7fea1463c6860ad69f5c44df14933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e6eca6f051ea8f9de30782797d60a9ce829b7fea1463c6860ad69f5c44df14933</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.003$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27952957$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867258$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hels, Tove</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyckegaard, Allan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steentoft, Anni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernhoft, Inger Marie</creatorcontrib><title>Risk of severe driver injury by driving with psychoactive substances</title><title>Accident analysis and prevention</title><addtitle>Accid Anal Prev</addtitle><description>•We estimated risk of serious road accident injury when driving under the influence.•Risk of driving with alcohol and other drugs was estimated in a case–control design.•Highest risk was associated with driving with high concentrations of alcohol.•Other high-risk groups were amphetamine and combinations of alcohol and other drugs.•Estimated risks were negatively correlated with age and higher for women than for men.
Driving with alcohol and other psychoactive substances imposes an increased risk of severe injury accidents. In a population-based case–control design, the relative risks of severe driver injury (MAIS≥2) by driving with ten substance groups were approximated by odds ratios (alcohol, amphetamines, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, cannabis, illicit opiates, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, i.e. zolpidem and zopiclone, medicinal opioids, alcohol–drug combinations and drug–drug combinations). Data from six countries were included in the study: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Lithuania and the Netherlands. Case samples (N=2490) were collected from severely injured drivers of passenger cars or vans in selected hospitals in various regions of the countries. Control samples (N=15,832) were sampled in a uniform sampling scheme stratified according to country, time, road type and season. Relative risks were approximated by odds ratios and calculated by logistic regression. The estimates were adjusted for age, gender and country.
The highest risk of the driver being severely injured was associated with driving positive for high concentrations of alcohol (≥0.8g/L), alone or in combination with other psychoactive substances. For alcohol, risk increased exponentially with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The second most risky category contained various drug–drug combinations, amphetamines and medicinal opioids. Medium increased risk was associated with medium sized BACs (at or above 0.5g/L, below 0.8g/L) and benzoylecgonine. The least risky drug seemed to be cannabis and benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.
For male drivers, the risk of being severely injured by driving with any of the psychoactive substances was about 65% of that of female drivers. For each of the substance groups there was a decrease in the risk of severe driver injury with increasing age.
It is concluded that among psychoactive substances alcohol still poses the largest problem in terms of driver risk of getting injured.</description><subject>Accidents, Traffic - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Distribution</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - blood</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Alcoholic Intoxication - blood</subject><subject>Alcoholic Intoxication - epidemiology</subject><subject>Alcohols</subject><subject>Amphetamines</subject><subject>Belgium - epidemiology</subject><subject>Benzodiazepines</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cannabis</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Case–control design</subject><subject>Denmark - epidemiology</subject><subject>Driver injury risk</subject><subject>Driving under the influence</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Finland - epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Injury Severity Score</subject><subject>Italy - epidemiology</subject><subject>Lithuania - epidemiology</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marijuana Smoking - blood</subject><subject>Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Netherlands - epidemiology</subject><subject>Occupant injuries</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Prevention and actions</subject><subject>Psychotropic Drugs - blood</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Road accident</subject><subject>Sex Distribution</subject><subject>Substance Abuse Detection</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - blood</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0001-4575</issn><issn>1879-2057</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU9PGzEQxa2qqIQ_H6AXtBckLruM12t7rZ5QaCkSEhKiZ8vxjovTJJt6dkH59pgmLTfoaeTRb55n3mPsM4eKA1fn88q5dVUDFxWoCkB8YBPealPWIPVHNgEAXjZSy312QDTPT91q-Ynt16JVupbthF3eRfpV9KEgfMSERZdirkVczce0KWabP424-lk8xeGhWNPGP_TODxkqaJzR4FYe6YjtBbcgPN7VQ_bj29f76ffy5vbqenpxU3pZw1CiQu9UAMnRtcF0KPI-tTa6U-CMx7Y2Mx3Q8UYJr9rc7JQJ0jdNF3hjhDhkZ1vddep_j0iDXUbyuFi4FfYjWa5Vvtxwwd9HlYKG_59qI3htJCiZUb5FfeqJEga7TnHp0sZysC-R2LnNkdiXSCwomyPJMyc7-XG2xO7fxN8MMnC6Axx5twgpexrpldNG5u915r5sOcwWP0ZMlnzE7H8XE_rBdn18Y41nrO2n0g</recordid><startdate>20131001</startdate><enddate>20131001</enddate><creator>Hels, Tove</creator><creator>Lyckegaard, Allan</creator><creator>Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese</creator><creator>Steentoft, Anni</creator><creator>Bernhoft, Inger Marie</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131001</creationdate><title>Risk of severe driver injury by driving with psychoactive substances</title><author>Hels, Tove ; Lyckegaard, Allan ; Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese ; Steentoft, Anni ; Bernhoft, Inger Marie</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e6eca6f051ea8f9de30782797d60a9ce829b7fea1463c6860ad69f5c44df14933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Accidents, Traffic - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age Distribution</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - blood</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology</topic><topic>Alcoholic Intoxication - blood</topic><topic>Alcoholic Intoxication - epidemiology</topic><topic>Alcohols</topic><topic>Amphetamines</topic><topic>Belgium - epidemiology</topic><topic>Benzodiazepines</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cannabis</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Case–control design</topic><topic>Denmark - epidemiology</topic><topic>Driver injury risk</topic><topic>Driving under the influence</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Finland - epidemiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Injury Severity Score</topic><topic>Italy - epidemiology</topic><topic>Lithuania - epidemiology</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Marijuana Smoking - blood</topic><topic>Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Netherlands - epidemiology</topic><topic>Occupant injuries</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Prevention and actions</topic><topic>Psychotropic Drugs - blood</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Road accident</topic><topic>Sex Distribution</topic><topic>Substance Abuse Detection</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - blood</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hels, Tove</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyckegaard, Allan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steentoft, Anni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernhoft, Inger Marie</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Accident analysis and prevention</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hels, Tove</au><au>Lyckegaard, Allan</au><au>Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese</au><au>Steentoft, Anni</au><au>Bernhoft, Inger Marie</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Risk of severe driver injury by driving with psychoactive substances</atitle><jtitle>Accident analysis and prevention</jtitle><addtitle>Accid Anal Prev</addtitle><date>2013-10-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>59</volume><spage>346</spage><epage>356</epage><pages>346-356</pages><issn>0001-4575</issn><eissn>1879-2057</eissn><abstract>•We estimated risk of serious road accident injury when driving under the influence.•Risk of driving with alcohol and other drugs was estimated in a case–control design.•Highest risk was associated with driving with high concentrations of alcohol.•Other high-risk groups were amphetamine and combinations of alcohol and other drugs.•Estimated risks were negatively correlated with age and higher for women than for men.
Driving with alcohol and other psychoactive substances imposes an increased risk of severe injury accidents. In a population-based case–control design, the relative risks of severe driver injury (MAIS≥2) by driving with ten substance groups were approximated by odds ratios (alcohol, amphetamines, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, cannabis, illicit opiates, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, i.e. zolpidem and zopiclone, medicinal opioids, alcohol–drug combinations and drug–drug combinations). Data from six countries were included in the study: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Lithuania and the Netherlands. Case samples (N=2490) were collected from severely injured drivers of passenger cars or vans in selected hospitals in various regions of the countries. Control samples (N=15,832) were sampled in a uniform sampling scheme stratified according to country, time, road type and season. Relative risks were approximated by odds ratios and calculated by logistic regression. The estimates were adjusted for age, gender and country.
The highest risk of the driver being severely injured was associated with driving positive for high concentrations of alcohol (≥0.8g/L), alone or in combination with other psychoactive substances. For alcohol, risk increased exponentially with blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The second most risky category contained various drug–drug combinations, amphetamines and medicinal opioids. Medium increased risk was associated with medium sized BACs (at or above 0.5g/L, below 0.8g/L) and benzoylecgonine. The least risky drug seemed to be cannabis and benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.
For male drivers, the risk of being severely injured by driving with any of the psychoactive substances was about 65% of that of female drivers. For each of the substance groups there was a decrease in the risk of severe driver injury with increasing age.
It is concluded that among psychoactive substances alcohol still poses the largest problem in terms of driver risk of getting injured.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>23867258</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.003</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Accidents, Traffic - statistics & numerical data Adolescent Adult Age Age Distribution Alcohol Drinking - blood Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology Alcoholic Intoxication - blood Alcoholic Intoxication - epidemiology Alcohols Amphetamines Belgium - epidemiology Benzodiazepines Biological and medical sciences Cannabis Case-Control Studies Case–control design Denmark - epidemiology Driver injury risk Driving under the influence Female Finland - epidemiology Humans Injuries Injury Severity Score Italy - epidemiology Lithuania - epidemiology Logistic Models Male Marijuana Smoking - blood Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology Medical sciences Middle Aged Miscellaneous Netherlands - epidemiology Occupant injuries Odds Ratio Prevention and actions Psychotropic Drugs - blood Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Risk Road accident Sex Distribution Substance Abuse Detection Substance-Related Disorders - blood Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology Young Adult |
| title | Risk of severe driver injury by driving with psychoactive substances |
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