IL-4 and IL-13 Induce Protection of Porcine Endothelial Cells from Killing by Human Complement and from Apoptosis through Activation of a Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway

Vascular endothelial cells (EC) perform critical functions that require a balance of cell survival and cell death. EC death by apoptosis and EC activation and injury by the membrane attack complex of complement are important mechanisms in atherosclerosis and organ graft rejection. Although the effec...

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