Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics
Background Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of industrial medicine 2004-11, Vol.46 (5), p.480-491 |
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| container_title | American journal of industrial medicine |
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| creator | Bello, Dhimiter Woskie, Susan R. Streicher, Robert P. Liu, Youcheng Stowe, Meredith H. Eisen, Ellen A. Ellenbecker, Michael J. Sparer, Judy Youngs, Fred Cullen, Mark R. Redlich, Carrie A. |
| description | Background
Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult.
Methods
An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates.
Results
This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates.
Conclusions
The total isocyanate group (μg NCO/m3) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent‐by‐agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:480–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ajim.20076 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_17501478</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>17501478</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4246-4a50dca3ddc322e5d885ad8551ca346c974986842eae096507825df633c404fc3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1v1DAQhi0Eokvhwg9AvsABKcXfTritVrAUFdjDIm5YxplILom9eJK2--9Ju1t64_RKM8_MKz2EvOTsjDMm3vnLOJwJxqx5RBacNbZiwqrHZDEHr6SuzQl5hnjJGOfKqKfkhGvVMGXVgvzc5H4fMYe9T34EpDHRHMK082PMyfcU0lUsOQ2QRnxPlzSUOMYwLwpcRbimuaNws8s4FaB9HOKI1KeWDjCWGPA5edL5HuHFMU_J948ftqtP1cW39flqeVEFJZSplNesDV62bZBCgG7rWvu21prPQ2VCY1VTm1oJ8MAao5mthW47I2VQTHVBnpI3h7-7kv9MgKMbIgboe58gT-i41YwrW8_g2wMYSkYs0LldiYMve8eZu7Xpbm26O5sz_Or4dfo1QPuAHvXNwOsj4HF20hWfQsQHzggtDbczxw_cdexh_59Kt_x8_uW-vDrcRBzh5t-NL7-dsdJq9-Pr2m0225Xdro1r5F_hpJxh</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>17501478</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Bello, Dhimiter ; Woskie, Susan R. ; Streicher, Robert P. ; Liu, Youcheng ; Stowe, Meredith H. ; Eisen, Ellen A. ; Ellenbecker, Michael J. ; Sparer, Judy ; Youngs, Fred ; Cullen, Mark R. ; Redlich, Carrie A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Bello, Dhimiter ; Woskie, Susan R. ; Streicher, Robert P. ; Liu, Youcheng ; Stowe, Meredith H. ; Eisen, Ellen A. ; Ellenbecker, Michael J. ; Sparer, Judy ; Youngs, Fred ; Cullen, Mark R. ; Redlich, Carrie A.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult.
Methods
An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates.
Results
This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates.
Conclusions
The total isocyanate group (μg NCO/m3) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent‐by‐agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:480–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0271-3586</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0274</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20076</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15490474</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJIMD8</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis ; Air Pollutants, Occupational - chemistry ; Air Pollutants, Occupational - toxicity ; Animals ; Asthma - chemically induced ; Biological and medical sciences ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; exposure limits ; exposure metric ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity - etiology ; isocyanate standards ; Isocyanates - analysis ; Isocyanates - chemistry ; Isocyanates - toxicity ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Medical sciences ; Molecular Structure ; occupational asthma ; Occupational Exposure ; polyisocyanates ; regulatory toxicology ; Toxicology ; Various organic compounds ; Workplace</subject><ispartof>American journal of industrial medicine, 2004-11, Vol.46 (5), p.480-491</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4246-4a50dca3ddc322e5d885ad8551ca346c974986842eae096507825df633c404fc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4246-4a50dca3ddc322e5d885ad8551ca346c974986842eae096507825df633c404fc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fajim.20076$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fajim.20076$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16253617$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15490474$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bello, Dhimiter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woskie, Susan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Streicher, Robert P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Youcheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stowe, Meredith H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eisen, Ellen A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellenbecker, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sparer, Judy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Youngs, Fred</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullen, Mark R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redlich, Carrie A.</creatorcontrib><title>Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics</title><title>American journal of industrial medicine</title><addtitle>Am. J. Ind. Med</addtitle><description>Background
Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult.
Methods
An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates.
Results
This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates.
Conclusions
The total isocyanate group (μg NCO/m3) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent‐by‐agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:480–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - chemistry</subject><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - toxicity</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Asthma - chemically induced</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>exposure limits</subject><subject>exposure metric</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypersensitivity - etiology</subject><subject>isocyanate standards</subject><subject>Isocyanates - analysis</subject><subject>Isocyanates - chemistry</subject><subject>Isocyanates - toxicity</subject><subject>Maximum Allowable Concentration</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Molecular Structure</subject><subject>occupational asthma</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure</subject><subject>polyisocyanates</subject><subject>regulatory toxicology</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Various organic compounds</subject><subject>Workplace</subject><issn>0271-3586</issn><issn>1097-0274</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1v1DAQhi0Eokvhwg9AvsABKcXfTritVrAUFdjDIm5YxplILom9eJK2--9Ju1t64_RKM8_MKz2EvOTsjDMm3vnLOJwJxqx5RBacNbZiwqrHZDEHr6SuzQl5hnjJGOfKqKfkhGvVMGXVgvzc5H4fMYe9T34EpDHRHMK082PMyfcU0lUsOQ2QRnxPlzSUOMYwLwpcRbimuaNws8s4FaB9HOKI1KeWDjCWGPA5edL5HuHFMU_J948ftqtP1cW39flqeVEFJZSplNesDV62bZBCgG7rWvu21prPQ2VCY1VTm1oJ8MAao5mthW47I2VQTHVBnpI3h7-7kv9MgKMbIgboe58gT-i41YwrW8_g2wMYSkYs0LldiYMve8eZu7Xpbm26O5sz_Or4dfo1QPuAHvXNwOsj4HF20hWfQsQHzggtDbczxw_cdexh_59Kt_x8_uW-vDrcRBzh5t-NL7-dsdJq9-Pr2m0225Xdro1r5F_hpJxh</recordid><startdate>200411</startdate><enddate>200411</enddate><creator>Bello, Dhimiter</creator><creator>Woskie, Susan R.</creator><creator>Streicher, Robert P.</creator><creator>Liu, Youcheng</creator><creator>Stowe, Meredith H.</creator><creator>Eisen, Ellen A.</creator><creator>Ellenbecker, Michael J.</creator><creator>Sparer, Judy</creator><creator>Youngs, Fred</creator><creator>Cullen, Mark R.</creator><creator>Redlich, Carrie A.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</general><general>Wiley-Liss</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200411</creationdate><title>Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics</title><author>Bello, Dhimiter ; Woskie, Susan R. ; Streicher, Robert P. ; Liu, Youcheng ; Stowe, Meredith H. ; Eisen, Ellen A. ; Ellenbecker, Michael J. ; Sparer, Judy ; Youngs, Fred ; Cullen, Mark R. ; Redlich, Carrie A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4246-4a50dca3ddc322e5d885ad8551ca346c974986842eae096507825df633c404fc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - chemistry</topic><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - toxicity</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Asthma - chemically induced</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>exposure limits</topic><topic>exposure metric</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypersensitivity - etiology</topic><topic>isocyanate standards</topic><topic>Isocyanates - analysis</topic><topic>Isocyanates - chemistry</topic><topic>Isocyanates - toxicity</topic><topic>Maximum Allowable Concentration</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Molecular Structure</topic><topic>occupational asthma</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure</topic><topic>polyisocyanates</topic><topic>regulatory toxicology</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Various organic compounds</topic><topic>Workplace</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bello, Dhimiter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woskie, Susan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Streicher, Robert P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Youcheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stowe, Meredith H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eisen, Ellen A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellenbecker, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sparer, Judy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Youngs, Fred</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullen, Mark R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redlich, Carrie A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>American journal of industrial medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bello, Dhimiter</au><au>Woskie, Susan R.</au><au>Streicher, Robert P.</au><au>Liu, Youcheng</au><au>Stowe, Meredith H.</au><au>Eisen, Ellen A.</au><au>Ellenbecker, Michael J.</au><au>Sparer, Judy</au><au>Youngs, Fred</au><au>Cullen, Mark R.</au><au>Redlich, Carrie A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics</atitle><jtitle>American journal of industrial medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am. J. Ind. Med</addtitle><date>2004-11</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>46</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>480</spage><epage>491</epage><pages>480-491</pages><issn>0271-3586</issn><eissn>1097-0274</eissn><coden>AJIMD8</coden><abstract>Background
Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult.
Methods
An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates.
Results
This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates.
Conclusions
The total isocyanate group (μg NCO/m3) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent‐by‐agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:480–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</pub><pmid>15490474</pmid><doi>10.1002/ajim.20076</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | American journal of industrial medicine, 2004-11, Vol.46 (5), p.480-491 |
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| subjects | Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis Air Pollutants, Occupational - chemistry Air Pollutants, Occupational - toxicity Animals Asthma - chemically induced Biological and medical sciences Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Environmental Monitoring - methods exposure limits exposure metric Humans Hypersensitivity - etiology isocyanate standards Isocyanates - analysis Isocyanates - chemistry Isocyanates - toxicity Maximum Allowable Concentration Medical sciences Molecular Structure occupational asthma Occupational Exposure polyisocyanates regulatory toxicology Toxicology Various organic compounds Workplace |
| title | Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics |
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