Protein modified- and membrane electrodes: strategies for the development of biomolecular sensors

Different procedures used for constructing protein/enzyme-modified electrodes are examined, in particular adsorption, covalent attachment and film deposition. The performances of such modified electrodes with electroactive proteins or enzymes attached to their active surface are examined, especially in the case of c-type cytochromes, hydrogenases and glucose oxidase. Another strategy presented in this review consists of the use of membrane electrodes with an electroactive protein imprisoned between a dialysis membrane and the electrode surface. The versatility and other advantages of such a procedure are underlined. Applications of membrane electrodes to the bioremediation of soils and effluents and as models for investigating interactions between proteins and soils are described.