The effect of occlusive and unocclusive exposure to xylene and benzene on skin irritation and molecular responses in hairless rats
Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moist...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Archives of toxicology 2005-05, Vol.79 (5), p.294-301 |
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| description | Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moisture content and erythema) and cytokine/chemokine expression (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) were investigated in hairless rats. Occlusive dermal exposure was carried out with 230 microL of the chemicals for 1 h using Hill top chambers. In unocclusive dermal exposure, 15 microL of the chemicals were applied to the skin every 2 h, for 8 h a day, for 4 days. The occlusive dermal exposure revealed a clear difference in the TEWL and erythema response of these chemicals (xylene>benzene) whereas unocclusive exposure revealed similar TEWL and erythema scores for both benzene and xylene. The expression of IL-1alpha was elevated 2.5- and 3.8-fold in response to occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00204-004-0629-1 |
| format | Article |
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J ; AHAGHOTU, E ; SINGH, M</creator><creatorcontrib>CHATTERJEE, A ; BABU, R. J ; AHAGHOTU, E ; SINGH, M</creatorcontrib><description>Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moisture content and erythema) and cytokine/chemokine expression (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) were investigated in hairless rats. Occlusive dermal exposure was carried out with 230 microL of the chemicals for 1 h using Hill top chambers. In unocclusive dermal exposure, 15 microL of the chemicals were applied to the skin every 2 h, for 8 h a day, for 4 days. The occlusive dermal exposure revealed a clear difference in the TEWL and erythema response of these chemicals (xylene>benzene) whereas unocclusive exposure revealed similar TEWL and erythema scores for both benzene and xylene. The expression of IL-1alpha was elevated 2.5- and 3.8-fold in response to occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01) for both the chemicals (benzene and xylene). Similarly, TNF-alpha levels were elevated about 2.4- and 6.0-fold as a result of occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01). These results show that unocclusive exposure induced significantly higher TNF-alpha expression than occlusive exposure (P<0.05). The MCP-1 expression in blood was slightly elevated compared with the control group, but this increase was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, MCP levels in skin were increased approximately 1.7- and 1.8-fold by occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that the skin irritation profiles of benzene and xylene are similar and unocclusive long-term exposure to small amounts of these chemicals can induce more skin irritation and cytokine response than occlusive exposure.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0340-5761</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-0738</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00204-004-0629-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15902427</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ARTODN</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Springer</publisher><subject>Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Benzene - toxicity ; Biological and medical sciences ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Cytokines - metabolism ; Dermatitis, Irritant - etiology ; Dermatitis, Irritant - metabolism ; Dermatitis, Irritant - pathology ; Female ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Moisture content ; Occlusive Dressings ; Occupational Exposure - adverse effects ; Rats ; Rats, Nude ; Skin ; Skin - drug effects ; Skin - metabolism ; Skin - pathology ; Skin Absorption ; Skin Irritancy Tests ; Solvents ; Toxicology ; Water - metabolism ; Water Loss, Insensible - drug effects ; Xylenes - toxicity</subject><ispartof>Archives of toxicology, 2005-05, Vol.79 (5), p.294-301</ispartof><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-70820a16a4b69459285d8ad3650c549d76ffff17bf5e8f1a25ec48671f7c8b643</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-70820a16a4b69459285d8ad3650c549d76ffff17bf5e8f1a25ec48671f7c8b643</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16824816$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15902427$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>CHATTERJEE, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BABU, R. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>AHAGHOTU, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SINGH, M</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of occlusive and unocclusive exposure to xylene and benzene on skin irritation and molecular responses in hairless rats</title><title>Archives of toxicology</title><addtitle>Arch Toxicol</addtitle><description>Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moisture content and erythema) and cytokine/chemokine expression (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) were investigated in hairless rats. Occlusive dermal exposure was carried out with 230 microL of the chemicals for 1 h using Hill top chambers. In unocclusive dermal exposure, 15 microL of the chemicals were applied to the skin every 2 h, for 8 h a day, for 4 days. The occlusive dermal exposure revealed a clear difference in the TEWL and erythema response of these chemicals (xylene>benzene) whereas unocclusive exposure revealed similar TEWL and erythema scores for both benzene and xylene. The expression of IL-1alpha was elevated 2.5- and 3.8-fold in response to occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01) for both the chemicals (benzene and xylene). Similarly, TNF-alpha levels were elevated about 2.4- and 6.0-fold as a result of occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01). These results show that unocclusive exposure induced significantly higher TNF-alpha expression than occlusive exposure (P<0.05). The MCP-1 expression in blood was slightly elevated compared with the control group, but this increase was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, MCP levels in skin were increased approximately 1.7- and 1.8-fold by occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that the skin irritation profiles of benzene and xylene are similar and unocclusive long-term exposure to small amounts of these chemicals can induce more skin irritation and cytokine response than occlusive exposure.</description><subject>Administration, Cutaneous</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Benzene - toxicity</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Cytokines - metabolism</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Irritant - etiology</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Irritant - metabolism</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Irritant - pathology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Occlusive Dressings</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Nude</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skin - drug effects</subject><subject>Skin - metabolism</subject><subject>Skin - pathology</subject><subject>Skin Absorption</subject><subject>Skin Irritancy Tests</subject><subject>Solvents</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Water - metabolism</subject><subject>Water Loss, Insensible - drug effects</subject><subject>Xylenes - toxicity</subject><issn>0340-5761</issn><issn>1432-0738</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU2LFDEQhoMo7rj6A7xIEPTWmu-kj7KsH7DgZT036XSFzZpJxlS37Hr0l9vNDAxYUFQV9dRLwUvIa84-cMbsR2RMMNWxLY3oO_6E7LiSomNWuqdkx6RinbaGX5AXiPeMceF6-ZxccN0zoYTdkb-3d0AhRggzrZHWEPKC6TdQXya6lPMMD4eKSwM6V_rwmKEckRHKn62vheLPVGhqLc1-Tuu8rfc1Q1iyb7QBHmpBQLpSdz61DIi0-RlfkmfRZ4RXp3pJfny-vr362t18__Lt6tNNF5Rwc2eZE8xz49VoeqV74fTk_CSNZkGrfrImrsHtGDW4yL3QEJQzlkcb3GiUvCTvj7qHVn8tgPOwTxggZ1-gLjhwqwzvFV_Bt_-B93VpZf1tMFJrI_terhA_QqFVxAZxOLS09-1x4GzY3BmO7gxsy9WdYRN-cxJexj1M54uTHSvw7gR4DD7H5ktIeOaME8pxI_8Bd8GY8A</recordid><startdate>20050501</startdate><enddate>20050501</enddate><creator>CHATTERJEE, A</creator><creator>BABU, R. 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Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Cytokines - metabolism</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Irritant - etiology</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Irritant - metabolism</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Irritant - pathology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Occlusive Dressings</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Nude</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Skin - drug effects</topic><topic>Skin - metabolism</topic><topic>Skin - pathology</topic><topic>Skin Absorption</topic><topic>Skin Irritancy Tests</topic><topic>Solvents</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Water - metabolism</topic><topic>Water Loss, Insensible - drug effects</topic><topic>Xylenes - toxicity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>CHATTERJEE, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BABU, R. 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J</au><au>AHAGHOTU, E</au><au>SINGH, M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effect of occlusive and unocclusive exposure to xylene and benzene on skin irritation and molecular responses in hairless rats</atitle><jtitle>Archives of toxicology</jtitle><addtitle>Arch Toxicol</addtitle><date>2005-05-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>79</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>294</spage><epage>301</epage><pages>294-301</pages><issn>0340-5761</issn><eissn>1432-0738</eissn><coden>ARTODN</coden><abstract>Aromatic hydrocarbons readily penetrate the skin on dermal exposure, leading to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. The effects of short-term occlusive and long-term unocclusive dermal exposure to benzene and xylene on the skin irritation response (transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin moisture content and erythema) and cytokine/chemokine expression (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) were investigated in hairless rats. Occlusive dermal exposure was carried out with 230 microL of the chemicals for 1 h using Hill top chambers. In unocclusive dermal exposure, 15 microL of the chemicals were applied to the skin every 2 h, for 8 h a day, for 4 days. The occlusive dermal exposure revealed a clear difference in the TEWL and erythema response of these chemicals (xylene>benzene) whereas unocclusive exposure revealed similar TEWL and erythema scores for both benzene and xylene. The expression of IL-1alpha was elevated 2.5- and 3.8-fold in response to occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01) for both the chemicals (benzene and xylene). Similarly, TNF-alpha levels were elevated about 2.4- and 6.0-fold as a result of occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, vs control (P<0.01). These results show that unocclusive exposure induced significantly higher TNF-alpha expression than occlusive exposure (P<0.05). The MCP-1 expression in blood was slightly elevated compared with the control group, but this increase was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, MCP levels in skin were increased approximately 1.7- and 1.8-fold by occlusive and unocclusive exposure, respectively, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Our study demonstrates that the skin irritation profiles of benzene and xylene are similar and unocclusive long-term exposure to small amounts of these chemicals can induce more skin irritation and cytokine response than occlusive exposure.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer</pub><pmid>15902427</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00204-004-0629-1</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Administration, Cutaneous Animals Benzene - toxicity Biological and medical sciences Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Cytokines - metabolism Dermatitis, Irritant - etiology Dermatitis, Irritant - metabolism Dermatitis, Irritant - pathology Female Male Medical sciences Moisture content Occlusive Dressings Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Rats Rats, Nude Skin Skin - drug effects Skin - metabolism Skin - pathology Skin Absorption Skin Irritancy Tests Solvents Toxicology Water - metabolism Water Loss, Insensible - drug effects Xylenes - toxicity |
| title | The effect of occlusive and unocclusive exposure to xylene and benzene on skin irritation and molecular responses in hairless rats |
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