Large scale purification of detergent-soluble P-glycoprotein from Pichia pastoris cells and characterization of nucleotide binding properties of wild-type, Walker A, and Walker B mutant proteins

P-glycoprotein (Pgp; mouse MDR3) was expressed in Pichia pastoris, grown in fermentor culture, and purified. The final pure product is of high specific ATPase activity and is soluble at low detergent concentration. 120 g of cells yielded 6 mg of pure Pgp; >4 kg of cells were obtained from a single fermentor run. Properties of the pure protein were similar to those of previous preparations, except there was significant ATPase activity in absence of added lipid. Mutant mouse MDR3 P-glycoproteins were purified by the same procedure after growth of cells in flask culture, with similar yields and purity. This procedure should open up new avenues of structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies of Pgp. Equilibrium nucleotide-binding parameters of wild-type mouse MDR3 Pgp were studied using 2'-(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine tri- and diphosphate. Both analogs were found to bind with K(d) in the low micromolar range, to a single class of site, with no evidence of cooperativity. ATP displacement of the analogs was seen. Similar binding was seen with K429R/K1072R and D551N/D1196N mutant mouse MDR3 Pgp, showing that these Walker A and B mutations had no significant effect on affinity or stoichiometry of nucleotide binding. These residues, known to be critical for catalysis, are concluded to be involved primarily in stabilization of the catalytic transition state in Pgp.