The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been medicalized in the United States since the 1960s. Primarily used in North America until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increasingly been applied internationally. After documenting the expansion of ADHD in a global context, this p...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Social science & medicine (1982) 2014-12, Vol.122, p.31-43 |
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| creator | Conrad, Peter Bergey, Meredith R. |
| description | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been medicalized in the United States since the 1960s. Primarily used in North America until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increasingly been applied internationally. After documenting the expansion of ADHD in a global context, this paper presents five brief international examples examining ADHD usage and expansion: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Brazil. We then identify and describe several vehicles that facilitate the migration of the ADHD diagnosis: the transnational pharmaceutical industry; the influence of western psychiatry; moving from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria; the role of the Internet including the related advent of easily accessible online screening checklists; and advocacy groups. Finally, we discuss what this globalization of a diagnosis reflects about the potential global medicalization of other conditions.
•Until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment occurred in very few countries.•ADHD diagnosis and treatment now increasingly occur on an international scale.•A number of factors underlie the global migration of the ADHD diagnosis.•Examples include the Internet and a shift from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria.•The diagnosis' migration is an example of the globalization of medicalization. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.019 |
| format | Article |
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•Until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment occurred in very few countries.•ADHD diagnosis and treatment now increasingly occur on an international scale.•A number of factors underlie the global migration of the ADHD diagnosis.•Examples include the Internet and a shift from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria.•The diagnosis' migration is an example of the globalization of medicalization.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0277-9536</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-5347</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.019</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25441315</identifier><identifier>CODEN: SSMDEP</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>ADHD ; Adolescent Psychiatry - organization & administration ; Attention Deficit Disorder ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology ; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brazil ; Child Psychiatry - organization & administration ; Consumer Health Information - methods ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Diseases ; Drug Industry - organization & administration ; DSM ; Europe ; Federal Republic of Germany ; France ; Germany ; Global Health ; Globalization ; Health care ; Health Education - organization & administration ; Humans ; ICD ; Industry ; International Classification of Diseases ; Internet ; Italy ; Medical diagnosis ; Medical sciences ; Medical treatment ; Medicalization ; Medicalization - trends ; Migration ; Miscellaneous ; North America ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Social Environment ; Social sciences ; U.S.A ; United States</subject><ispartof>Social science & medicine (1982), 2014-12, Vol.122, p.31-43</ispartof><rights>2014 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Pergamon Press Inc. Dec 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c594t-851b8c0ea52a3c4ff0dd0005bb643a56b9754e38c6466d00dc194cc4df03ea273</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c594t-851b8c0ea52a3c4ff0dd0005bb643a56b9754e38c6466d00dc194cc4df03ea273</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614006650$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,33751,33752,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28915154$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441315$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Conrad, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergey, Meredith R.</creatorcontrib><title>The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder</title><title>Social science & medicine (1982)</title><addtitle>Soc Sci Med</addtitle><description>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been medicalized in the United States since the 1960s. Primarily used in North America until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increasingly been applied internationally. After documenting the expansion of ADHD in a global context, this paper presents five brief international examples examining ADHD usage and expansion: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Brazil. We then identify and describe several vehicles that facilitate the migration of the ADHD diagnosis: the transnational pharmaceutical industry; the influence of western psychiatry; moving from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria; the role of the Internet including the related advent of easily accessible online screening checklists; and advocacy groups. Finally, we discuss what this globalization of a diagnosis reflects about the potential global medicalization of other conditions.
•Until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment occurred in very few countries.•ADHD diagnosis and treatment now increasingly occur on an international scale.•A number of factors underlie the global migration of the ADHD diagnosis.•Examples include the Internet and a shift from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria.•The diagnosis' migration is an example of the globalization of medicalization.</description><subject>ADHD</subject><subject>Adolescent Psychiatry - organization & administration</subject><subject>Attention Deficit Disorder</subject><subject>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis</subject><subject>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brazil</subject><subject>Child Psychiatry - organization & administration</subject><subject>Consumer Health Information - methods</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</subject><subject>Diseases</subject><subject>Drug Industry - organization & administration</subject><subject>DSM</subject><subject>Europe</subject><subject>Federal Republic of Germany</subject><subject>France</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Global Health</subject><subject>Globalization</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health Education - organization & administration</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>ICD</subject><subject>Industry</subject><subject>International Classification of Diseases</subject><subject>Internet</subject><subject>Italy</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Medical treatment</subject><subject>Medicalization</subject><subject>Medicalization - trends</subject><subject>Migration</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>North America</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Social Environment</subject><subject>Social sciences</subject><subject>U.S.A</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>0277-9536</issn><issn>1873-5347</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkktvEzEUhS0EoqHwF2AkhMRmgj1-DruoBYpUwaasjce-kzqajIM9KY9fzx0lBYkNWVm657sP-RxCXjC6ZJSpN5tlSb74uIWwbCgTWF1S1j4gC2Y0ryUX-iFZ0EbrupVcnZEnpWwopYwa_picNVIIxplckK83t1DF7Q7GEMd1tR5S54b4y00xjVXqq9Xl1eXb6lOaoFRYmZCGHzs3lll3Y6jWOX2fbmfUVXhN9HM7hCrEknKA_JQ86t1Q4NnxPSdf3r-7ubiqrz9_-Hixuq69bMVUG8k64yk42TjuRd_TEPBe2XVKcCdV12opgBuvhFKoBM9a4b0IPeXgGs3PyevD3F1O3_ZQJruNxcMwuBHSvlimuRFaaSpPRRt2wlSlKOVMcHUC2rQtrqcM0Zf_oJu0zyN-z0wZJIyiSOkD5XMqJUNvdzluXf5pGbVzCuzG_kmBnVMwC5gC7Hx-nL_vZu2-7952BF4dAVfQsD670cfylzMtk0wK5FYHDtC5uwjZ4jYYPfqcwU82pPjfY34D3f3RpQ</recordid><startdate>20141201</startdate><enddate>20141201</enddate><creator>Conrad, Peter</creator><creator>Bergey, Meredith R.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Pergamon Press Inc</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7U3</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>WZK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141201</creationdate><title>The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder</title><author>Conrad, Peter ; Bergey, Meredith R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c594t-851b8c0ea52a3c4ff0dd0005bb643a56b9754e38c6466d00dc194cc4df03ea273</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>ADHD</topic><topic>Adolescent Psychiatry - organization & administration</topic><topic>Attention Deficit Disorder</topic><topic>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis</topic><topic>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology</topic><topic>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brazil</topic><topic>Child Psychiatry - organization & administration</topic><topic>Consumer Health Information - methods</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</topic><topic>Diseases</topic><topic>Drug Industry - organization & administration</topic><topic>DSM</topic><topic>Europe</topic><topic>Federal Republic of Germany</topic><topic>France</topic><topic>Germany</topic><topic>Global Health</topic><topic>Globalization</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Health Education - organization & administration</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>ICD</topic><topic>Industry</topic><topic>International Classification of Diseases</topic><topic>Internet</topic><topic>Italy</topic><topic>Medical diagnosis</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Medical treatment</topic><topic>Medicalization</topic><topic>Medicalization - trends</topic><topic>Migration</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>North America</topic><topic>Public health. 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•Until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment occurred in very few countries.•ADHD diagnosis and treatment now increasingly occur on an international scale.•A number of factors underlie the global migration of the ADHD diagnosis.•Examples include the Internet and a shift from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria.•The diagnosis' migration is an example of the globalization of medicalization.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>25441315</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.019</doi><tpages>13</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | ADHD Adolescent Psychiatry - organization & administration Attention Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Biological and medical sciences Brazil Child Psychiatry - organization & administration Consumer Health Information - methods Diagnosis Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diseases Drug Industry - organization & administration DSM Europe Federal Republic of Germany France Germany Global Health Globalization Health care Health Education - organization & administration Humans ICD Industry International Classification of Diseases Internet Italy Medical diagnosis Medical sciences Medical treatment Medicalization Medicalization - trends Migration Miscellaneous North America Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Social Environment Social sciences U.S.A United States |
| title | The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder |
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