Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions

Mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin were incubated in model experiments under polar conditions. The releasing rates of monomethyl and dimethyl mercury (MeHg + and Me 2Hg), trimethyl lead (Me 3Pb +), and monomethyl cadmium (MeCd +) were determined in dependence on the incubation time. T...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Chemosphere (Oxford) 1999-07, Vol.39 (1), p.89-102
Hauptverfasser: Pongratz, Richard, Heumann, Klaus G.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 102
container_issue 1
container_start_page 89
container_title Chemosphere (Oxford)
container_volume 39
creator Pongratz, Richard
Heumann, Klaus G.
description Mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin were incubated in model experiments under polar conditions. The releasing rates of monomethyl and dimethyl mercury (MeHg + and Me 2Hg), trimethyl lead (Me 3Pb +), and monomethyl cadmium (MeCd +) were determined in dependence on the incubation time. This is the first time that methylation of cadmium by bacteria could be shown. The formation of tetramethyl and dimethyl lead (Me 4Pb and Me 2Pb 2+) was also checked but no release of these methylated compounds was observed. The determination of methylated mercury compounds was carried out by using a purge and trap system after derivatisation of monomethyl mercury into the volatile methylethyl mercury compound, subsequent separation by gas chromatography and detection with an atomic fluorescence detector. A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method was applied for the determination of Me 3Pb + and MeCd +, respectively. The mixed bacterial cultures showed production of trimethyl lead and monomethyl cadmium, but no methylated mercury compound was released by these marine species. In contrast to that the isolated pure bacterial cultures released relatively high amounts of dimethyl mercury besides monomethyl mercury, trimethyl lead, and monomethyl cadmium. These methylated heavy metal compounds were preferably formed in the stationary period of bacterial growth. Depth profiles of methylated heavy metal compounds in the Arctic Ocean and the South Atlantic show maximum concentrations in water depths of up to 50 m, often correlating well with the chlorophyll-a content. But also significant concentrations in depths of about 200 m were found, where no chlorophyll-a could be detected. This is an important indication that, at least, at deeper water levels bacteria must be the marine species which mainly contribute to methylated heavy metals. Dimethyl mercury, released by marine bacteria into the polar ocean, is the methylated heavy metal compound which contributes most to the atmospheric heavy metal content in the remote areas of Antarctica and the Arctic due to its high volatility. From measured Me 2Hg concentrations in the surface seawater and the corresponding marine air at polar locations a preliminary atmospheric ocean-atmosphere transfer could be estimated to be 0.21×10 9 g yr −1 and 0.24×10 9 g yr −1 for the Antarctic and Arctic Ocean, respectively.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00591-8
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_17378523</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0045653598005918</els_id><sourcerecordid>17378523</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f65d849cb5e4ca130cd3b8176cb5fd2b1b21f98254ddf630a231469895618583</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkd9qFTEQxpei0GP1EYS5EFHoarLZ7CZXUoqtQqEFex9m86cnspsck2xh38MHdren6KVXMwy_mW9mvqp6S8knSmj3-QchLa87zvgHKT4SwiWtxUm1o6KXNW2keFHt_iKn1aucfxKyNnK5q37fpWhmXXwMEB1MtuyXEYs1a5r0nJZzGC2ac8BgQKOZ_DzBsMCEyQcLA-pik0fADAjZPwTvvMZQIGCZE46Q45y0BRcTYJliPuxXXsPe4uOyyeGYwQc4xBETJPuwLpJfVy_dWrdvnuNZdX_19f7yW31ze_398uKm1i1jpXYdN6KVeuC21UgZ0YYNgvbdWnGmGejQUCdFw1tjXMcINoy2nRSSd1Rwwc6q98exhxR_zTYXNfms7ThisHHOivasF7xhK8iPoE4x52SdOiS_fmBRlKjNAvVkgdr-q6RQTxaoTeDdswBmjaNLGLTP_5oF6yXfxn85Yna99dHbpLL2NmhrfLK6KBP9f4T-AEbJnUQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>17378523</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions</title><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete</source><creator>Pongratz, Richard ; Heumann, Klaus G.</creator><creatorcontrib>Pongratz, Richard ; Heumann, Klaus G.</creatorcontrib><description>Mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin were incubated in model experiments under polar conditions. The releasing rates of monomethyl and dimethyl mercury (MeHg + and Me 2Hg), trimethyl lead (Me 3Pb +), and monomethyl cadmium (MeCd +) were determined in dependence on the incubation time. This is the first time that methylation of cadmium by bacteria could be shown. The formation of tetramethyl and dimethyl lead (Me 4Pb and Me 2Pb 2+) was also checked but no release of these methylated compounds was observed. The determination of methylated mercury compounds was carried out by using a purge and trap system after derivatisation of monomethyl mercury into the volatile methylethyl mercury compound, subsequent separation by gas chromatography and detection with an atomic fluorescence detector. A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method was applied for the determination of Me 3Pb + and MeCd +, respectively. The mixed bacterial cultures showed production of trimethyl lead and monomethyl cadmium, but no methylated mercury compound was released by these marine species. In contrast to that the isolated pure bacterial cultures released relatively high amounts of dimethyl mercury besides monomethyl mercury, trimethyl lead, and monomethyl cadmium. These methylated heavy metal compounds were preferably formed in the stationary period of bacterial growth. Depth profiles of methylated heavy metal compounds in the Arctic Ocean and the South Atlantic show maximum concentrations in water depths of up to 50 m, often correlating well with the chlorophyll-a content. But also significant concentrations in depths of about 200 m were found, where no chlorophyll-a could be detected. This is an important indication that, at least, at deeper water levels bacteria must be the marine species which mainly contribute to methylated heavy metals. Dimethyl mercury, released by marine bacteria into the polar ocean, is the methylated heavy metal compound which contributes most to the atmospheric heavy metal content in the remote areas of Antarctica and the Arctic due to its high volatility. From measured Me 2Hg concentrations in the surface seawater and the corresponding marine air at polar locations a preliminary atmospheric ocean-atmosphere transfer could be estimated to be 0.21×10 9 g yr −1 and 0.24×10 9 g yr −1 for the Antarctic and Arctic Ocean, respectively.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0045-6535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1298</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00591-8</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CMSHAF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Applied sciences ; Atmospheric pollution ; Biological and medical sciences ; Dispersed sources and other ; Earth sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics ; Exact sciences and technology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Microbial ecology ; Natural water pollution ; Pollution ; Pollution sources. Measurement results ; Pollution, environment geology ; Seawaters, estuaries ; Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water) ; Water treatment and pollution</subject><ispartof>Chemosphere (Oxford), 1999-07, Vol.39 (1), p.89-102</ispartof><rights>1999</rights><rights>1999 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f65d849cb5e4ca130cd3b8176cb5fd2b1b21f98254ddf630a231469895618583</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f65d849cb5e4ca130cd3b8176cb5fd2b1b21f98254ddf630a231469895618583</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00591-8$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=1837953$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pongratz, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heumann, Klaus G.</creatorcontrib><title>Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions</title><title>Chemosphere (Oxford)</title><description>Mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin were incubated in model experiments under polar conditions. The releasing rates of monomethyl and dimethyl mercury (MeHg + and Me 2Hg), trimethyl lead (Me 3Pb +), and monomethyl cadmium (MeCd +) were determined in dependence on the incubation time. This is the first time that methylation of cadmium by bacteria could be shown. The formation of tetramethyl and dimethyl lead (Me 4Pb and Me 2Pb 2+) was also checked but no release of these methylated compounds was observed. The determination of methylated mercury compounds was carried out by using a purge and trap system after derivatisation of monomethyl mercury into the volatile methylethyl mercury compound, subsequent separation by gas chromatography and detection with an atomic fluorescence detector. A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method was applied for the determination of Me 3Pb + and MeCd +, respectively. The mixed bacterial cultures showed production of trimethyl lead and monomethyl cadmium, but no methylated mercury compound was released by these marine species. In contrast to that the isolated pure bacterial cultures released relatively high amounts of dimethyl mercury besides monomethyl mercury, trimethyl lead, and monomethyl cadmium. These methylated heavy metal compounds were preferably formed in the stationary period of bacterial growth. Depth profiles of methylated heavy metal compounds in the Arctic Ocean and the South Atlantic show maximum concentrations in water depths of up to 50 m, often correlating well with the chlorophyll-a content. But also significant concentrations in depths of about 200 m were found, where no chlorophyll-a could be detected. This is an important indication that, at least, at deeper water levels bacteria must be the marine species which mainly contribute to methylated heavy metals. Dimethyl mercury, released by marine bacteria into the polar ocean, is the methylated heavy metal compound which contributes most to the atmospheric heavy metal content in the remote areas of Antarctica and the Arctic due to its high volatility. From measured Me 2Hg concentrations in the surface seawater and the corresponding marine air at polar locations a preliminary atmospheric ocean-atmosphere transfer could be estimated to be 0.21×10 9 g yr −1 and 0.24×10 9 g yr −1 for the Antarctic and Arctic Ocean, respectively.</description><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Atmospheric pollution</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Dispersed sources and other</subject><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Microbial ecology</subject><subject>Natural water pollution</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution sources. Measurement results</subject><subject>Pollution, environment geology</subject><subject>Seawaters, estuaries</subject><subject>Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water)</subject><subject>Water treatment and pollution</subject><issn>0045-6535</issn><issn>1879-1298</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkd9qFTEQxpei0GP1EYS5EFHoarLZ7CZXUoqtQqEFex9m86cnspsck2xh38MHdren6KVXMwy_mW9mvqp6S8knSmj3-QchLa87zvgHKT4SwiWtxUm1o6KXNW2keFHt_iKn1aucfxKyNnK5q37fpWhmXXwMEB1MtuyXEYs1a5r0nJZzGC2ac8BgQKOZ_DzBsMCEyQcLA-pik0fADAjZPwTvvMZQIGCZE46Q45y0BRcTYJliPuxXXsPe4uOyyeGYwQc4xBETJPuwLpJfVy_dWrdvnuNZdX_19f7yW31ze_398uKm1i1jpXYdN6KVeuC21UgZ0YYNgvbdWnGmGejQUCdFw1tjXMcINoy2nRSSd1Rwwc6q98exhxR_zTYXNfms7ThisHHOivasF7xhK8iPoE4x52SdOiS_fmBRlKjNAvVkgdr-q6RQTxaoTeDdswBmjaNLGLTP_5oF6yXfxn85Yna99dHbpLL2NmhrfLK6KBP9f4T-AEbJnUQ</recordid><startdate>19990701</startdate><enddate>19990701</enddate><creator>Pongratz, Richard</creator><creator>Heumann, Klaus G.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19990701</creationdate><title>Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions</title><author>Pongratz, Richard ; Heumann, Klaus G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f65d849cb5e4ca130cd3b8176cb5fd2b1b21f98254ddf630a231469895618583</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Atmospheric pollution</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Dispersed sources and other</topic><topic>Earth sciences</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Microbial ecology</topic><topic>Natural water pollution</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Pollution sources. Measurement results</topic><topic>Pollution, environment geology</topic><topic>Seawaters, estuaries</topic><topic>Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water)</topic><topic>Water treatment and pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pongratz, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heumann, Klaus G.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences &amp; Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution &amp; Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pongratz, Richard</au><au>Heumann, Klaus G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions</atitle><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle><date>1999-07-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>39</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>89</spage><epage>102</epage><pages>89-102</pages><issn>0045-6535</issn><eissn>1879-1298</eissn><coden>CMSHAF</coden><abstract>Mixed and pure bacterial cultures of polar origin were incubated in model experiments under polar conditions. The releasing rates of monomethyl and dimethyl mercury (MeHg + and Me 2Hg), trimethyl lead (Me 3Pb +), and monomethyl cadmium (MeCd +) were determined in dependence on the incubation time. This is the first time that methylation of cadmium by bacteria could be shown. The formation of tetramethyl and dimethyl lead (Me 4Pb and Me 2Pb 2+) was also checked but no release of these methylated compounds was observed. The determination of methylated mercury compounds was carried out by using a purge and trap system after derivatisation of monomethyl mercury into the volatile methylethyl mercury compound, subsequent separation by gas chromatography and detection with an atomic fluorescence detector. A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method was applied for the determination of Me 3Pb + and MeCd +, respectively. The mixed bacterial cultures showed production of trimethyl lead and monomethyl cadmium, but no methylated mercury compound was released by these marine species. In contrast to that the isolated pure bacterial cultures released relatively high amounts of dimethyl mercury besides monomethyl mercury, trimethyl lead, and monomethyl cadmium. These methylated heavy metal compounds were preferably formed in the stationary period of bacterial growth. Depth profiles of methylated heavy metal compounds in the Arctic Ocean and the South Atlantic show maximum concentrations in water depths of up to 50 m, often correlating well with the chlorophyll-a content. But also significant concentrations in depths of about 200 m were found, where no chlorophyll-a could be detected. This is an important indication that, at least, at deeper water levels bacteria must be the marine species which mainly contribute to methylated heavy metals. Dimethyl mercury, released by marine bacteria into the polar ocean, is the methylated heavy metal compound which contributes most to the atmospheric heavy metal content in the remote areas of Antarctica and the Arctic due to its high volatility. From measured Me 2Hg concentrations in the surface seawater and the corresponding marine air at polar locations a preliminary atmospheric ocean-atmosphere transfer could be estimated to be 0.21×10 9 g yr −1 and 0.24×10 9 g yr −1 for the Antarctic and Arctic Ocean, respectively.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00591-8</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0045-6535
ispartof Chemosphere (Oxford), 1999-07, Vol.39 (1), p.89-102
issn 0045-6535
1879-1298
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_17378523
source Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete
subjects Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Biological and medical sciences
Dispersed sources and other
Earth sciences
Earth, ocean, space
Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics
Exact sciences and technology
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Microbial ecology
Natural water pollution
Pollution
Pollution sources. Measurement results
Pollution, environment geology
Seawaters, estuaries
Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water)
Water treatment and pollution
title Production of methylated mercury, lead, and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-05T05%3A39%3A43IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Production%20of%20methylated%20mercury,%20lead,%20and%20cadmium%20by%20marine%20bacteria%20as%20a%20significant%20natural%20source%20for%20atmospheric%20heavy%20metals%20in%20polar%20regions&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere%20(Oxford)&rft.au=Pongratz,%20Richard&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=89&rft.epage=102&rft.pages=89-102&rft.issn=0045-6535&rft.eissn=1879-1298&rft.coden=CMSHAF&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00591-8&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E17378523%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=17378523&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_els_id=S0045653598005918&rfr_iscdi=true