High Mercury Wet Deposition at a “Clean Air” Site in Puerto Rico
Atmospheric mercury deposition measurements are rare in tropical latitudes. Here we report on seven years (April 2005 to April 2012, with gaps) of wet Hg deposition measurements at a tropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Despite receiving unpolluted air off th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2015-10, Vol.49 (20), p.12474-12482 |
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| creator | Shanley, James B Engle, Mark A Scholl, Martha Krabbenhoft, David P Brunette, Robert Olson, Mark L Conroy, Mary E |
| description | Atmospheric mercury deposition measurements are rare in tropical latitudes. Here we report on seven years (April 2005 to April 2012, with gaps) of wet Hg deposition measurements at a tropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Despite receiving unpolluted air off the Atlantic Ocean from northeasterly trade winds, during two complete years the site averaged 27.9 μg m–2 yr–1 wet Hg deposition, or about 30% more than Florida and the Gulf Coast, the highest deposition areas within the U.S. These high Hg deposition rates are driven in part by high rainfall, which averaged 2855 mm yr–1. The volume-weighted mean Hg concentration was 9.8 ng L–1, and was highest during summer and lowest during the winter dry season. Rainout of Hg (decreasing concentration with increasing rainfall depth) was minimal. The high Hg deposition was not supported by gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) at ground level, which remained near global background concentrations ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/acs.est.5b02430 |
| format | Article |
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Here we report on seven years (April 2005 to April 2012, with gaps) of wet Hg deposition measurements at a tropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Despite receiving unpolluted air off the Atlantic Ocean from northeasterly trade winds, during two complete years the site averaged 27.9 μg m–2 yr–1 wet Hg deposition, or about 30% more than Florida and the Gulf Coast, the highest deposition areas within the U.S. These high Hg deposition rates are driven in part by high rainfall, which averaged 2855 mm yr–1. The volume-weighted mean Hg concentration was 9.8 ng L–1, and was highest during summer and lowest during the winter dry season. Rainout of Hg (decreasing concentration with increasing rainfall depth) was minimal. The high Hg deposition was not supported by gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) at ground level, which remained near global background concentrations (<10 pg m–3). Rather, a strong positive correlation between Hg concentrations and the maximum height of rain detected within clouds (echo tops) suggests that droplets in high convective cloud tops scavenge GOM from above the mixing layer. The high wet Hg deposition at this “clean air” site suggests that other tropical areas may be hotspots for Hg deposition as well.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02430</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26368125</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ESTHAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental science ; Florida ; Forests ; Gases - analysis ; Measurement ; Mercury ; Mercury - analysis ; Mercury Compounds - analysis ; Oxides - analysis ; Puerto Rico ; Rain ; Seasons ; Tropical Climate ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2015-10, Vol.49 (20), p.12474-12482</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Oct 20, 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a394t-257bad7d5f430d44e9af66b377bfc13a99e6501013183fb1e899206cd7cdfa5a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a394t-257bad7d5f430d44e9af66b377bfc13a99e6501013183fb1e899206cd7cdfa5a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.5b02430$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b02430$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2765,27076,27924,27925,56738,56788</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26368125$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shanley, James B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engle, Mark A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scholl, Martha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krabbenhoft, David P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brunette, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olson, Mark L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conroy, Mary E</creatorcontrib><title>High Mercury Wet Deposition at a “Clean Air” Site in Puerto Rico</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>Atmospheric mercury deposition measurements are rare in tropical latitudes. Here we report on seven years (April 2005 to April 2012, with gaps) of wet Hg deposition measurements at a tropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Despite receiving unpolluted air off the Atlantic Ocean from northeasterly trade winds, during two complete years the site averaged 27.9 μg m–2 yr–1 wet Hg deposition, or about 30% more than Florida and the Gulf Coast, the highest deposition areas within the U.S. These high Hg deposition rates are driven in part by high rainfall, which averaged 2855 mm yr–1. The volume-weighted mean Hg concentration was 9.8 ng L–1, and was highest during summer and lowest during the winter dry season. Rainout of Hg (decreasing concentration with increasing rainfall depth) was minimal. The high Hg deposition was not supported by gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) at ground level, which remained near global background concentrations (<10 pg m–3). Rather, a strong positive correlation between Hg concentrations and the maximum height of rain detected within clouds (echo tops) suggests that droplets in high convective cloud tops scavenge GOM from above the mixing layer. The high wet Hg deposition at this “clean air” site suggests that other tropical areas may be hotspots for Hg deposition as well.</description><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Atlantic Ocean</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Florida</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Gases - analysis</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Mercury - analysis</subject><subject>Mercury Compounds - analysis</subject><subject>Oxides - analysis</subject><subject>Puerto Rico</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Tropical Climate</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1KAzEUhYMotlbX7iTgRpBpb5LJTLKUVq1QUfxBd0NmJqMp7UxNZhbd9UH05fokprQqCIKru_nOuefeg9AhgS4BSnoqc13t6i5PgYYMtlCbcAoBF5xsozYAYYFk0XML7Tk3BgDKQOyiFo1YJAjlbTQYmpdXfK1t1tg5ftI1HuhZ5UxtqhKrGiu8XLz3J1qV-MzY5eID35taY1Pi20bbusJ3Jqv20U6hJk4fbGYHPV6cP_SHwejm8qp_NgoUk2EdUB6nKo9zXvioeRhqqYooSlkcp0VGmJJSRxyID00EK1KihZQUoiyPs7xQXLEOOln7zmz11vi7k6lxmZ5MVKmrxiUkZlwSEQr4B0o50Cgk1KPHv9Bx1djSH7KiBIAMufBUb01ltnLO6iKZWTNVdp4QSFZdJL6LZKXedOEVRxvfJp3q_Jv_er4HTtfASvmz8w-7T5QhkyE</recordid><startdate>20151020</startdate><enddate>20151020</enddate><creator>Shanley, James B</creator><creator>Engle, Mark A</creator><creator>Scholl, Martha</creator><creator>Krabbenhoft, David P</creator><creator>Brunette, Robert</creator><creator>Olson, Mark L</creator><creator>Conroy, Mary E</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151020</creationdate><title>High Mercury Wet Deposition at a “Clean Air” Site in Puerto Rico</title><author>Shanley, James B ; Engle, Mark A ; Scholl, Martha ; Krabbenhoft, David P ; Brunette, Robert ; Olson, Mark L ; Conroy, Mary E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a394t-257bad7d5f430d44e9af66b377bfc13a99e6501013183fb1e899206cd7cdfa5a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Atlantic Ocean</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Florida</topic><topic>Forests</topic><topic>Gases - analysis</topic><topic>Measurement</topic><topic>Mercury</topic><topic>Mercury - analysis</topic><topic>Mercury Compounds - analysis</topic><topic>Oxides - analysis</topic><topic>Puerto Rico</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Tropical Climate</topic><topic>Wind</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shanley, James B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engle, Mark A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scholl, Martha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krabbenhoft, David P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brunette, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olson, Mark L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conroy, Mary E</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shanley, James B</au><au>Engle, Mark A</au><au>Scholl, Martha</au><au>Krabbenhoft, David P</au><au>Brunette, Robert</au><au>Olson, Mark L</au><au>Conroy, Mary E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High Mercury Wet Deposition at a “Clean Air” Site in Puerto Rico</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2015-10-20</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>49</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>12474</spage><epage>12482</epage><pages>12474-12482</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><coden>ESTHAG</coden><abstract>Atmospheric mercury deposition measurements are rare in tropical latitudes. Here we report on seven years (April 2005 to April 2012, with gaps) of wet Hg deposition measurements at a tropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, U.S. Despite receiving unpolluted air off the Atlantic Ocean from northeasterly trade winds, during two complete years the site averaged 27.9 μg m–2 yr–1 wet Hg deposition, or about 30% more than Florida and the Gulf Coast, the highest deposition areas within the U.S. These high Hg deposition rates are driven in part by high rainfall, which averaged 2855 mm yr–1. The volume-weighted mean Hg concentration was 9.8 ng L–1, and was highest during summer and lowest during the winter dry season. Rainout of Hg (decreasing concentration with increasing rainfall depth) was minimal. The high Hg deposition was not supported by gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) at ground level, which remained near global background concentrations (<10 pg m–3). Rather, a strong positive correlation between Hg concentrations and the maximum height of rain detected within clouds (echo tops) suggests that droplets in high convective cloud tops scavenge GOM from above the mixing layer. The high wet Hg deposition at this “clean air” site suggests that other tropical areas may be hotspots for Hg deposition as well.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>26368125</pmid><doi>10.1021/acs.est.5b02430</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Air Pollutants - analysis Atlantic Ocean Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental science Florida Forests Gases - analysis Measurement Mercury Mercury - analysis Mercury Compounds - analysis Oxides - analysis Puerto Rico Rain Seasons Tropical Climate Wind |
| title | High Mercury Wet Deposition at a “Clean Air” Site in Puerto Rico |
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