Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode
The appearance of pharmaceutical compounds and their bioactive transformation products in aquatic environments is becoming an issue of increasing concern. In this study, the electrochemical oxidation of the widely used antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using a commercial mixed oxide...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2015-10, Vol.22 (19), p.15004-15015 |
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| creator | Hussain, Sajjad Gul, Saima Steter, Juliana R. Miwa, Douglas W. Motheo, Artur J. |
| description | The appearance of pharmaceutical compounds and their bioactive transformation products in aquatic environments is becoming an issue of increasing concern. In this study, the electrochemical oxidation of the widely used antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using a commercial mixed oxide anode (Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
) and a single compartment filter press-type flow reactor. The kinetics of SMX degradation was determined as a function of electrolyte composition, applied current density, and initial pH. Almost complete (98 %) degradation of SMX could be achieved within 30 min of electrolysis in 0.1 mol L
−1
NaCl solution at pH 3 with applied current densities ≥20 mA cm
−2
. Nine major intermediates of the reaction were identified by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS (e.g., C
6
H
9
NO
2
S (
m
/
z
= 179), C
6
H
4
NOCl (
m
/
z
= 141), and C
6
H
6
O
2
(
m
/
z
= 110)). The degradation followed various routes involving cleavage of the oxazole and benzene rings by hydroxyl and/or chlorine radicals, processes that could occur before or after rupture of the N-S bond, followed by oxidation of the remaining moieties. Analysis of the total organic carbon content revealed that the antibiotic was partially mineralized under the conditions employed and some inorganic ions, including NO
3
−
and SO
4
2−
, could be identified. The results presented herein demonstrate the efficacy of the electrochemical process using a Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
anode for the remediation of wastewater containing the antibiotic SMX. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-015-4699-9 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1727683654</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3829272361</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-e8ede9966e0eae632c1102f3c105391d32fda584742605b094214ec08f6606903</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkV1LHDEUhoNU6rr2B_SmDPSmN1Nz8jWTS1naKgiC6J0QspkzbmRmsp1kYNtfb8ZVKQXBqwTO877J4SHkM9DvQGl1GgG4VCUFWQqldakPyAIUiLISWn8gC6qFKIELcUSOY3yglFHNqo_kiKl850osyN11mBIWoS2wQ5fG4DbYe2e7Iux8Y5MPwzxMGyzskPzah-RdEaeutT2mTdjZv6HL-aGwRe932DzlZjg0eEIOW9tF_PR8Lsntzx83q_Py8urXxerssnRSylRijQ1qrRRStKg4cwCUtdwBlVxDw1nbWFmLSuR_y3XeioFAR-tWKao05Uvybd-7HcPvCWMyvY8Ou84OGKZooGKVqrmS4h0o1JpqnvEl-fof-hCmcciLzJSWXFZ1lSnYU24MMY7Ymu3oezv-MUDNbMnsLZlsycyWjM6ZL8_N07rH5jXxoiUDbA_EPBrucfzn6TdbHwH-fZt7</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1719535787</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Hussain, Sajjad ; Gul, Saima ; Steter, Juliana R. ; Miwa, Douglas W. ; Motheo, Artur J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Sajjad ; Gul, Saima ; Steter, Juliana R. ; Miwa, Douglas W. ; Motheo, Artur J.</creatorcontrib><description>The appearance of pharmaceutical compounds and their bioactive transformation products in aquatic environments is becoming an issue of increasing concern. In this study, the electrochemical oxidation of the widely used antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using a commercial mixed oxide anode (Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
) and a single compartment filter press-type flow reactor. The kinetics of SMX degradation was determined as a function of electrolyte composition, applied current density, and initial pH. Almost complete (98 %) degradation of SMX could be achieved within 30 min of electrolysis in 0.1 mol L
−1
NaCl solution at pH 3 with applied current densities ≥20 mA cm
−2
. Nine major intermediates of the reaction were identified by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS (e.g., C
6
H
9
NO
2
S (
m
/
z
= 179), C
6
H
4
NOCl (
m
/
z
= 141), and C
6
H
6
O
2
(
m
/
z
= 110)). The degradation followed various routes involving cleavage of the oxazole and benzene rings by hydroxyl and/or chlorine radicals, processes that could occur before or after rupture of the N-S bond, followed by oxidation of the remaining moieties. Analysis of the total organic carbon content revealed that the antibiotic was partially mineralized under the conditions employed and some inorganic ions, including NO
3
−
and SO
4
2−
, could be identified. The results presented herein demonstrate the efficacy of the electrochemical process using a Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
anode for the remediation of wastewater containing the antibiotic SMX.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4699-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26002364</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry ; Antibiotics ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Aquatic environment ; Aquatic Pollution ; Aqueous solutions ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Benzene ; Chlorine ; Drinking water ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Electrochemistry ; Electrodes ; Electrolysis ; Electrolysis - instrumentation ; Electrolytes ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental science ; Kinetics ; Medical research ; Organic carbon ; Oxidation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxides - chemistry ; Pharmaceuticals ; Pollutants ; Research Article ; Sodium chloride ; Studies ; Sulfamethoxazole - chemistry ; Surface water ; Titanium - chemistry ; Veterinary medicine ; Waste Water - chemistry ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015-10, Vol.22 (19), p.15004-15015</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-e8ede9966e0eae632c1102f3c105391d32fda584742605b094214ec08f6606903</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-e8ede9966e0eae632c1102f3c105391d32fda584742605b094214ec08f6606903</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-015-4699-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-015-4699-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002364$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Sajjad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gul, Saima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steter, Juliana R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miwa, Douglas W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Motheo, Artur J.</creatorcontrib><title>Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The appearance of pharmaceutical compounds and their bioactive transformation products in aquatic environments is becoming an issue of increasing concern. In this study, the electrochemical oxidation of the widely used antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using a commercial mixed oxide anode (Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
) and a single compartment filter press-type flow reactor. The kinetics of SMX degradation was determined as a function of electrolyte composition, applied current density, and initial pH. Almost complete (98 %) degradation of SMX could be achieved within 30 min of electrolysis in 0.1 mol L
−1
NaCl solution at pH 3 with applied current densities ≥20 mA cm
−2
. Nine major intermediates of the reaction were identified by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS (e.g., C
6
H
9
NO
2
S (
m
/
z
= 179), C
6
H
4
NOCl (
m
/
z
= 141), and C
6
H
6
O
2
(
m
/
z
= 110)). The degradation followed various routes involving cleavage of the oxazole and benzene rings by hydroxyl and/or chlorine radicals, processes that could occur before or after rupture of the N-S bond, followed by oxidation of the remaining moieties. Analysis of the total organic carbon content revealed that the antibiotic was partially mineralized under the conditions employed and some inorganic ions, including NO
3
−
and SO
4
2−
, could be identified. The results presented herein demonstrate the efficacy of the electrochemical process using a Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
anode for the remediation of wastewater containing the antibiotic SMX.</description><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Aquatic environment</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Aqueous solutions</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Benzene</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Electrochemistry</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Electrolysis</subject><subject>Electrolysis - instrumentation</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Oxides - chemistry</subject><subject>Pharmaceuticals</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Sodium chloride</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Sulfamethoxazole - chemistry</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Titanium - chemistry</subject><subject>Veterinary medicine</subject><subject>Waste Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkV1LHDEUhoNU6rr2B_SmDPSmN1Nz8jWTS1naKgiC6J0QspkzbmRmsp1kYNtfb8ZVKQXBqwTO877J4SHkM9DvQGl1GgG4VCUFWQqldakPyAIUiLISWn8gC6qFKIELcUSOY3yglFHNqo_kiKl850osyN11mBIWoS2wQ5fG4DbYe2e7Iux8Y5MPwzxMGyzskPzah-RdEaeutT2mTdjZv6HL-aGwRe932DzlZjg0eEIOW9tF_PR8Lsntzx83q_Py8urXxerssnRSylRijQ1qrRRStKg4cwCUtdwBlVxDw1nbWFmLSuR_y3XeioFAR-tWKao05Uvybd-7HcPvCWMyvY8Ou84OGKZooGKVqrmS4h0o1JpqnvEl-fof-hCmcciLzJSWXFZ1lSnYU24MMY7Ymu3oezv-MUDNbMnsLZlsycyWjM6ZL8_N07rH5jXxoiUDbA_EPBrucfzn6TdbHwH-fZt7</recordid><startdate>20151001</startdate><enddate>20151001</enddate><creator>Hussain, Sajjad</creator><creator>Gul, Saima</creator><creator>Steter, Juliana R.</creator><creator>Miwa, Douglas W.</creator><creator>Motheo, Artur J.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151001</creationdate><title>Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode</title><author>Hussain, Sajjad ; Gul, Saima ; Steter, Juliana R. ; Miwa, Douglas W. ; Motheo, Artur J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-e8ede9966e0eae632c1102f3c105391d32fda584742605b094214ec08f6606903</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>Aquatic ecosystems</topic><topic>Aquatic environment</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Aqueous solutions</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Benzene</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Electrochemistry</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Electrolysis</topic><topic>Electrolysis - instrumentation</topic><topic>Electrolytes</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Organic carbon</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Oxides - chemistry</topic><topic>Pharmaceuticals</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Sodium chloride</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Sulfamethoxazole - chemistry</topic><topic>Surface water</topic><topic>Titanium - chemistry</topic><topic>Veterinary medicine</topic><topic>Waste Water - chemistry</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Sajjad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gul, Saima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steter, Juliana R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miwa, Douglas W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Motheo, Artur J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hussain, Sajjad</au><au>Gul, Saima</au><au>Steter, Juliana R.</au><au>Miwa, Douglas W.</au><au>Motheo, Artur J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2015-10-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>15004</spage><epage>15015</epage><pages>15004-15015</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The appearance of pharmaceutical compounds and their bioactive transformation products in aquatic environments is becoming an issue of increasing concern. In this study, the electrochemical oxidation of the widely used antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using a commercial mixed oxide anode (Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
) and a single compartment filter press-type flow reactor. The kinetics of SMX degradation was determined as a function of electrolyte composition, applied current density, and initial pH. Almost complete (98 %) degradation of SMX could be achieved within 30 min of electrolysis in 0.1 mol L
−1
NaCl solution at pH 3 with applied current densities ≥20 mA cm
−2
. Nine major intermediates of the reaction were identified by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS (e.g., C
6
H
9
NO
2
S (
m
/
z
= 179), C
6
H
4
NOCl (
m
/
z
= 141), and C
6
H
6
O
2
(
m
/
z
= 110)). The degradation followed various routes involving cleavage of the oxazole and benzene rings by hydroxyl and/or chlorine radicals, processes that could occur before or after rupture of the N-S bond, followed by oxidation of the remaining moieties. Analysis of the total organic carbon content revealed that the antibiotic was partially mineralized under the conditions employed and some inorganic ions, including NO
3
−
and SO
4
2−
, could be identified. The results presented herein demonstrate the efficacy of the electrochemical process using a Ti/Ru
0.3
Ti
0.7
O
2
anode for the remediation of wastewater containing the antibiotic SMX.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>26002364</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-015-4699-9</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015-10, Vol.22 (19), p.15004-15015 |
| issn | 0944-1344 1614-7499 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry Antibiotics Aquatic ecosystems Aquatic environment Aquatic Pollution Aqueous solutions Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Benzene Chlorine Drinking water Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Electrochemistry Electrodes Electrolysis Electrolysis - instrumentation Electrolytes Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental science Kinetics Medical research Organic carbon Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Oxides - chemistry Pharmaceuticals Pollutants Research Article Sodium chloride Studies Sulfamethoxazole - chemistry Surface water Titanium - chemistry Veterinary medicine Waste Water - chemistry Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry Water Pollution Control |
| title | Route of electrochemical oxidation of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on a mixed oxide anode |
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