The fate of phosphate in an in situ Lagrangian addition experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean
The Eastern Mediterranean is the largest oceanic ecosystem that is phosphate-limited. To determine the impact of a transient input we executed a phosphate addition experiment in the surface waters of the Cyprus Eddy (33.3°N 32.3°E), and compared the ecosystem response with surrounding unperturbed wa...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography Topical studies in oceanography, 2005-01, Vol.52 (22), p.2911-2927 |
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| container_title | Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography |
| container_volume | 52 |
| creator | Law, C.S. Abraham, E.R. Woodward, E.M.S. Liddicoat, M.I. Fileman, T.W. Thingstad, T.F. Kitidis, V. Zohary, T. |
| description | The Eastern Mediterranean is the largest oceanic ecosystem that is phosphate-limited. To determine the impact of a transient input we executed a phosphate addition experiment in the surface waters of the Cyprus Eddy (33.3°N 32.3°E), and compared the ecosystem response with surrounding unperturbed water. A tracer, sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6), added with the phosphate, enabled tracking of the patch when phosphate concentration declined to detection limits, and provided quantitative estimates of mixing, dilution and patch volume. The patch expanded to >400
km
2 over 9 days with a lateral diffusion rate of 23±2
m
2/s that was consistent with previous tracer releases in eddies. Mixed layer phosphate concentration was ∼110
nmol/l immediately post-release, and declined to |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.017 |
| format | Article |
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6), added with the phosphate, enabled tracking of the patch when phosphate concentration declined to detection limits, and provided quantitative estimates of mixing, dilution and patch volume. The patch expanded to >400
km
2 over 9 days with a lateral diffusion rate of 23±2
m
2/s that was consistent with previous tracer releases in eddies. Mixed layer phosphate concentration was ∼110
nmol/l immediately post-release, and declined to <5
nmol/l after 6 days. A phosphate budget was developed using SF
6 as a proxy to discriminate between dilution and biological pathways, with dilution resulting in loss of ∼75% of added phosphate from the patch centre by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss was largely due to biological incorporation into particulate-P, of which 50% accumulated at the patch centre whilst the remainder was removed by lateral dilution by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss at the patch centre was 15–15.5
nmol/l by day 4, which was equal to the cumulative biological P uptake of 15.6 (±5.6)
nmol/l P and concurred with two other independent estimates of P uptake. This closure of the phosphate budget infers that the transfer of added P to mesozooplankton and higher consumers was not significant within the timescale of the experiment, despite the observed biomass increase that followed phosphate addition. Although patch dilution significantly reduced phosphate concentration and particulate accumulation, and so the apparent biological response to the added phosphate, analysis suggests that lateral mixing would not prevent bacterial biomass accumulation at the growth rates observed, suggesting that another factor such as grazing was responsible.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0967-0645</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.017</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Bacteria ; Diffusion ; Dilution ; Eastern Mediterranean ; Marine ; Phosphate ; Phosphate enrichment ; Phytoplankton</subject><ispartof>Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography, 2005-01, Vol.52 (22), p.2911-2927</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-b5798d8ec9ba47068a9f83bcf8d6b6ac8212f4d718a06636da4d7e8cc459426e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-b5798d8ec9ba47068a9f83bcf8d6b6ac8212f4d718a06636da4d7e8cc459426e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.017$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Law, C.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abraham, E.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woodward, E.M.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liddicoat, M.I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fileman, T.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thingstad, T.F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitidis, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zohary, T.</creatorcontrib><title>The fate of phosphate in an in situ Lagrangian addition experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean</title><title>Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography</title><description>The Eastern Mediterranean is the largest oceanic ecosystem that is phosphate-limited. To determine the impact of a transient input we executed a phosphate addition experiment in the surface waters of the Cyprus Eddy (33.3°N 32.3°E), and compared the ecosystem response with surrounding unperturbed water. A tracer, sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6), added with the phosphate, enabled tracking of the patch when phosphate concentration declined to detection limits, and provided quantitative estimates of mixing, dilution and patch volume. The patch expanded to >400
km
2 over 9 days with a lateral diffusion rate of 23±2
m
2/s that was consistent with previous tracer releases in eddies. Mixed layer phosphate concentration was ∼110
nmol/l immediately post-release, and declined to <5
nmol/l after 6 days. A phosphate budget was developed using SF
6 as a proxy to discriminate between dilution and biological pathways, with dilution resulting in loss of ∼75% of added phosphate from the patch centre by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss was largely due to biological incorporation into particulate-P, of which 50% accumulated at the patch centre whilst the remainder was removed by lateral dilution by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss at the patch centre was 15–15.5
nmol/l by day 4, which was equal to the cumulative biological P uptake of 15.6 (±5.6)
nmol/l P and concurred with two other independent estimates of P uptake. This closure of the phosphate budget infers that the transfer of added P to mesozooplankton and higher consumers was not significant within the timescale of the experiment, despite the observed biomass increase that followed phosphate addition. Although patch dilution significantly reduced phosphate concentration and particulate accumulation, and so the apparent biological response to the added phosphate, analysis suggests that lateral mixing would not prevent bacterial biomass accumulation at the growth rates observed, suggesting that another factor such as grazing was responsible.</description><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Diffusion</subject><subject>Dilution</subject><subject>Eastern Mediterranean</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Phosphate</subject><subject>Phosphate enrichment</subject><subject>Phytoplankton</subject><issn>0967-0645</issn><issn>1879-0100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9UMtOwzAQtBBIlMIPcMqJW8I6Dz8kLqgqD6mISzlbjr1pXbVJsF0Ef4-jcuayq1nNjHaGkFsKBQXK7neFDb4sSoCmAFEA5WdkRgWXOVCAczIDyXgOrG4uyVUIOwCoKiZnRK23mHU6YjZ02bgdwridgOsz3U8zuHjMVnrjdb9x6aStddENfYbfI3p3wD5OtJhcljpE9H32homCPilQ99fkotP7gDd_e04-npbrxUu-en9-XTyuclNVNOZtw6WwAo1sdc2BCS07UbWmE5a1TBtR0rKrLadCA2MVszoBFMbUjaxLhtWc3J18Rz98HjFEdXDB4H6fvhiOQVFeUiG5TMTyRDR-CMFjp8YUQ_sfRUFNXaqdmrpUU5cKhEpdJtHDSYQpwpdDr4Jx2JuU1KOJyg7uP_kvOTt9uA</recordid><startdate>20050101</startdate><enddate>20050101</enddate><creator>Law, C.S.</creator><creator>Abraham, E.R.</creator><creator>Woodward, E.M.S.</creator><creator>Liddicoat, M.I.</creator><creator>Fileman, T.W.</creator><creator>Thingstad, T.F.</creator><creator>Kitidis, V.</creator><creator>Zohary, T.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20050101</creationdate><title>The fate of phosphate in an in situ Lagrangian addition experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean</title><author>Law, C.S. ; Abraham, E.R. ; Woodward, E.M.S. ; Liddicoat, M.I. ; Fileman, T.W. ; Thingstad, T.F. ; Kitidis, V. ; Zohary, T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-b5798d8ec9ba47068a9f83bcf8d6b6ac8212f4d718a06636da4d7e8cc459426e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Diffusion</topic><topic>Dilution</topic><topic>Eastern Mediterranean</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>Phosphate</topic><topic>Phosphate enrichment</topic><topic>Phytoplankton</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Law, C.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abraham, E.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woodward, E.M.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liddicoat, M.I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fileman, T.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thingstad, T.F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitidis, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zohary, T.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Law, C.S.</au><au>Abraham, E.R.</au><au>Woodward, E.M.S.</au><au>Liddicoat, M.I.</au><au>Fileman, T.W.</au><au>Thingstad, T.F.</au><au>Kitidis, V.</au><au>Zohary, T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The fate of phosphate in an in situ Lagrangian addition experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean</atitle><jtitle>Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography</jtitle><date>2005-01-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>2911</spage><epage>2927</epage><pages>2911-2927</pages><issn>0967-0645</issn><eissn>1879-0100</eissn><abstract>The Eastern Mediterranean is the largest oceanic ecosystem that is phosphate-limited. To determine the impact of a transient input we executed a phosphate addition experiment in the surface waters of the Cyprus Eddy (33.3°N 32.3°E), and compared the ecosystem response with surrounding unperturbed water. A tracer, sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6), added with the phosphate, enabled tracking of the patch when phosphate concentration declined to detection limits, and provided quantitative estimates of mixing, dilution and patch volume. The patch expanded to >400
km
2 over 9 days with a lateral diffusion rate of 23±2
m
2/s that was consistent with previous tracer releases in eddies. Mixed layer phosphate concentration was ∼110
nmol/l immediately post-release, and declined to <5
nmol/l after 6 days. A phosphate budget was developed using SF
6 as a proxy to discriminate between dilution and biological pathways, with dilution resulting in loss of ∼75% of added phosphate from the patch centre by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss was largely due to biological incorporation into particulate-P, of which 50% accumulated at the patch centre whilst the remainder was removed by lateral dilution by day 3. Non-conservative phosphate loss at the patch centre was 15–15.5
nmol/l by day 4, which was equal to the cumulative biological P uptake of 15.6 (±5.6)
nmol/l P and concurred with two other independent estimates of P uptake. This closure of the phosphate budget infers that the transfer of added P to mesozooplankton and higher consumers was not significant within the timescale of the experiment, despite the observed biomass increase that followed phosphate addition. Although patch dilution significantly reduced phosphate concentration and particulate accumulation, and so the apparent biological response to the added phosphate, analysis suggests that lateral mixing would not prevent bacterial biomass accumulation at the growth rates observed, suggesting that another factor such as grazing was responsible.</abstract><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.08.017</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bacteria Diffusion Dilution Eastern Mediterranean Marine Phosphate Phosphate enrichment Phytoplankton |
| title | The fate of phosphate in an in situ Lagrangian addition experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean |
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