Occupational exposure to nanoparticles at commercial photocopy centers
•Copiers emit very high levels of nanoparticles; with bursts up to 700X background.•Complex chemistry includes several airborne engineered nanoparticles.•This occupational and public exposure hazard warrants equipment controls/redesign. Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of hazardous materials 2015-11, Vol.298, p.351-360 |
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| creator | Martin, John Bello, Dhimiter Bunker, Kristin Shafer, Martin Christiani, David Woskie, Susan Demokritou, Philip |
| description | •Copiers emit very high levels of nanoparticles; with bursts up to 700X background.•Complex chemistry includes several airborne engineered nanoparticles.•This occupational and public exposure hazard warrants equipment controls/redesign.
Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date little is known of physicochemical composition of PM0.1 in real workplace settings. Here we perform a comprehensive physicochemical and morphological characterization of PM0.1 and raw materials (toners and paper) at eight commercial photocopy centers that use color and monochrome photocopiers over the course of a full week. We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1. Daily geometric mean PM0.1 concentrations ranged from 3700 to 34000 particles/cubic-centimeter (particles/cm3) (GSD 1.4–3.3), up to 12 times greater than background, with transient peaks >1.4 million particles/cm3. PM0.1 contained 6–63% organic carbon, |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.021 |
| format | Article |
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Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date little is known of physicochemical composition of PM0.1 in real workplace settings. Here we perform a comprehensive physicochemical and morphological characterization of PM0.1 and raw materials (toners and paper) at eight commercial photocopy centers that use color and monochrome photocopiers over the course of a full week. We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1. Daily geometric mean PM0.1 concentrations ranged from 3700 to 34000 particles/cubic-centimeter (particles/cm3) (GSD 1.4–3.3), up to 12 times greater than background, with transient peaks >1.4 million particles/cm3. PM0.1 contained 6–63% organic carbon, <1% elemental carbon, and 2–8% metals, including iron, zinc, titania, chromium, nickel and manganese, typically in the <0.01–1% range, and in agreement with toner composition. These findings document widespread ENM in toner formulations and high nanoparticle exposures are an industry-wide phenomenon. It further calls attention to the need to substantially redesign the interface of this technology with workers and consumers.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0304-3894</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-3336</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.021</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26148960</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects ; Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Carbon ; Carbon - analysis ; Computer Systems ; Concentration (composition) ; Copy center ; Copying Processes ; Engineered nanoparticles ; Exposure ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure - analysis ; Lung - metabolism ; Models, Biological ; NanoEHS ; Nanoparticles ; Nanoparticles - adverse effects ; Nanoparticles - analysis ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Photocopiers ; Titanium - adverse effects ; Titanium - chemistry ; Titanium dioxide ; Toner ; Toners ; Workplace ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Journal of hazardous materials, 2015-11, Vol.298, p.351-360</ispartof><rights>2015 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c472t-2a3b6dd335e3c5e0e7f9eb5e0be0decfbea7bfcf69bdc72a7f794fe6ade08d9e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c472t-2a3b6dd335e3c5e0e7f9eb5e0be0decfbea7bfcf69bdc72a7f794fe6ade08d9e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0117-9703</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.021$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148960$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Martin, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bello, Dhimiter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bunker, Kristin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shafer, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christiani, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woskie, Susan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demokritou, Philip</creatorcontrib><title>Occupational exposure to nanoparticles at commercial photocopy centers</title><title>Journal of hazardous materials</title><addtitle>J Hazard Mater</addtitle><description>•Copiers emit very high levels of nanoparticles; with bursts up to 700X background.•Complex chemistry includes several airborne engineered nanoparticles.•This occupational and public exposure hazard warrants equipment controls/redesign.
Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date little is known of physicochemical composition of PM0.1 in real workplace settings. Here we perform a comprehensive physicochemical and morphological characterization of PM0.1 and raw materials (toners and paper) at eight commercial photocopy centers that use color and monochrome photocopiers over the course of a full week. We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1. Daily geometric mean PM0.1 concentrations ranged from 3700 to 34000 particles/cubic-centimeter (particles/cm3) (GSD 1.4–3.3), up to 12 times greater than background, with transient peaks >1.4 million particles/cm3. PM0.1 contained 6–63% organic carbon, <1% elemental carbon, and 2–8% metals, including iron, zinc, titania, chromium, nickel and manganese, typically in the <0.01–1% range, and in agreement with toner composition. These findings document widespread ENM in toner formulations and high nanoparticle exposures are an industry-wide phenomenon. It further calls attention to the need to substantially redesign the interface of this technology with workers and consumers.</description><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects</subject><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon - analysis</subject><subject>Computer Systems</subject><subject>Concentration (composition)</subject><subject>Copy center</subject><subject>Copying Processes</subject><subject>Engineered nanoparticles</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Lung - metabolism</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>NanoEHS</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Nanoparticles - adverse effects</subject><subject>Nanoparticles - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Photocopiers</subject><subject>Titanium - adverse effects</subject><subject>Titanium - chemistry</subject><subject>Titanium dioxide</subject><subject>Toner</subject><subject>Toners</subject><subject>Workplace</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>0304-3894</issn><issn>1873-3336</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkcFO3DAQhi0EgmXhEahy5JJ0HCd2cqoqVFokJC5wtpzxRHiVxKntVKVPT1a77bWcZg7fP6OZj7EbDgUHLj_vit2r-TOaVJTA6wJkASU_YRveKJELIeQp24CAKhdNW12wyxh3AMBVXZ2zi1LyqmklbNj9E-Iym-T8ZIaMfs8-LoGy5LPJTH42ITkcKGYmZejHkQK6lZtfffLo57cMaUoU4hU7680Q6fpYt-zl_tvz3Y_88en7w93XxxwrVaa8NKKT1gpRk8CagFTfUrc2HYEl7Dsyquuxl21nUZVG9aqtepLGEjS2JbFlt4e5c_A_F4pJjy4iDYOZyC9Rc8XXu0rV1B9AoeVKNkJ9BOWiKptarmh9QDH4GAP1eg5uNOFNc9B7MXqnj2L0XowGqVcxa-7TccXSjWT_pf6aWIEvB4DW9_1yFHRERxOSdYEwaevdf1a8A1eWo-A</recordid><startdate>20151115</startdate><enddate>20151115</enddate><creator>Martin, John</creator><creator>Bello, Dhimiter</creator><creator>Bunker, Kristin</creator><creator>Shafer, Martin</creator><creator>Christiani, David</creator><creator>Woskie, Susan</creator><creator>Demokritou, Philip</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-9703</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20151115</creationdate><title>Occupational exposure to nanoparticles at commercial photocopy centers</title><author>Martin, John ; Bello, Dhimiter ; Bunker, Kristin ; Shafer, Martin ; Christiani, David ; Woskie, Susan ; Demokritou, Philip</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c472t-2a3b6dd335e3c5e0e7f9eb5e0be0decfbea7bfcf69bdc72a7f794fe6ade08d9e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects</topic><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon - analysis</topic><topic>Computer Systems</topic><topic>Concentration (composition)</topic><topic>Copy center</topic><topic>Copying Processes</topic><topic>Engineered nanoparticles</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Lung - metabolism</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>NanoEHS</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Nanoparticles - adverse effects</topic><topic>Nanoparticles - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Photocopiers</topic><topic>Titanium - adverse effects</topic><topic>Titanium - chemistry</topic><topic>Titanium dioxide</topic><topic>Toner</topic><topic>Toners</topic><topic>Workplace</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Martin, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bello, Dhimiter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bunker, Kristin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shafer, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christiani, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woskie, Susan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demokritou, Philip</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of hazardous materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Martin, John</au><au>Bello, Dhimiter</au><au>Bunker, Kristin</au><au>Shafer, Martin</au><au>Christiani, David</au><au>Woskie, Susan</au><au>Demokritou, Philip</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Occupational exposure to nanoparticles at commercial photocopy centers</atitle><jtitle>Journal of hazardous materials</jtitle><addtitle>J Hazard Mater</addtitle><date>2015-11-15</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>298</volume><spage>351</spage><epage>360</epage><pages>351-360</pages><issn>0304-3894</issn><eissn>1873-3336</eissn><abstract>•Copiers emit very high levels of nanoparticles; with bursts up to 700X background.•Complex chemistry includes several airborne engineered nanoparticles.•This occupational and public exposure hazard warrants equipment controls/redesign.
Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date little is known of physicochemical composition of PM0.1 in real workplace settings. Here we perform a comprehensive physicochemical and morphological characterization of PM0.1 and raw materials (toners and paper) at eight commercial photocopy centers that use color and monochrome photocopiers over the course of a full week. We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1. Daily geometric mean PM0.1 concentrations ranged from 3700 to 34000 particles/cubic-centimeter (particles/cm3) (GSD 1.4–3.3), up to 12 times greater than background, with transient peaks >1.4 million particles/cm3. PM0.1 contained 6–63% organic carbon, <1% elemental carbon, and 2–8% metals, including iron, zinc, titania, chromium, nickel and manganese, typically in the <0.01–1% range, and in agreement with toner composition. These findings document widespread ENM in toner formulations and high nanoparticle exposures are an industry-wide phenomenon. It further calls attention to the need to substantially redesign the interface of this technology with workers and consumers.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>26148960</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.021</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-9703</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of hazardous materials, 2015-11, Vol.298, p.351-360 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; ScienceDirect Freedom Collection (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Carbon Carbon - analysis Computer Systems Concentration (composition) Copy center Copying Processes Engineered nanoparticles Exposure Humans Inhalation Exposure - analysis Lung - metabolism Models, Biological NanoEHS Nanoparticles Nanoparticles - adverse effects Nanoparticles - analysis Occupational Exposure - analysis Photocopiers Titanium - adverse effects Titanium - chemistry Titanium dioxide Toner Toners Workplace Zinc |
| title | Occupational exposure to nanoparticles at commercial photocopy centers |
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