Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature
Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug use. One of the combinations frequently used is ecstasy (MDMA) with gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). For effective prevention it is important to be aware of t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Drug and alcohol review 2005-07, Vol.24 (4), p.359-368 |
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| creator | Uys, Joachim D. K. Niesink, Raymond J. M. |
| description | Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug use. One of the combinations frequently used is ecstasy (MDMA) with gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). For effective prevention it is important to be aware of this phenomenon and of the pharmacology of these drugs. The effects of the combination extend to different neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. Studies investigating the effects of combinations of psychoactive substances are limited. In this review we describe the subjective effects of the MDMA GHB combination. Furthermore, we review the individual actions of MDMA on serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline systems. In addition, actions of GHB on these systems are discussed as a possible pharmacological basis for the interaction of both drugs. It is postulated that GHB attenuates the unpleasant or dysphoric effects of MDMA by its effect on the central dopaminergic system. [Uys JDK, Niesink RJM. Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Rev 2005;24:359 - 368] |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/09595230500295725 |
| format | Article |
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K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niesink, Raymond J. M.</creatorcontrib><title>Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature</title><title>Drug and alcohol review</title><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Rev</addtitle><description>Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug use. One of the combinations frequently used is ecstasy (MDMA) with gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). For effective prevention it is important to be aware of this phenomenon and of the pharmacology of these drugs. The effects of the combination extend to different neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. Studies investigating the effects of combinations of psychoactive substances are limited. In this review we describe the subjective effects of the MDMA GHB combination. Furthermore, we review the individual actions of MDMA on serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline systems. In addition, actions of GHB on these systems are discussed as a possible pharmacological basis for the interaction of both drugs. It is postulated that GHB attenuates the unpleasant or dysphoric effects of MDMA by its effect on the central dopaminergic system. [Uys JDK, Niesink RJM. Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature. 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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Taylor & Francis Journals Complete |
| subjects | Anxiety - chemically induced Body Temperature - drug effects Depression - chemically induced Dopamine - metabolism ecstasy gamma-hydroxybutyrate GHB Hallucinogens - adverse effects Humans Hydroxybutyrates - pharmacology MDMA N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - adverse effects Norepinephrine - metabolism pharmacology polydrug use Psychomotor Disorders - chemically induced review Serotonin - metabolism Substance-Related Disorders |
| title | Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature |
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