Assembly of human mitochondrial ATP synthase through two separate intermediates, F1-c-ring and b–e–g complex

•Two subcomplexes of human ATP synthase are formed in d-subunit deficient cells.•One contains a rotor shaft (F1-c-ring) and the other a stator stalk subunits (b–e–g).•F1-c-ring is also formed when Mt-DNA-coded a-subunit and A6L are deficient.•ATP synthase assembly from F1-c-ring and stator stalk may...

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