Stable carbon isotopes of C3 plant resins and ambers record changes in atmospheric oxygen since the Triassic

Estimating the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen (pO2) in the geological past has been challenging because of the lack of reliable proxies. Here we develop a technique to estimate paleo-pO2 using the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant resins—including amber, copal, and resinite—f...

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