Organic solvent-free air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for optimized extraction of illegal azo-based dyes and their main metabolite from spices, cosmetics and human bio-fluid samples in one step

•A new potential biomarker ofSudan dyes was introduced for the first time.•A novel organic solvent-free microextraction method was developed.•The method performs in one-step and avoids the centrifugal operation.•It was applied for determination of understudy analytes in complex matrices. Air-assiste...

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