Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania
Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no gu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2015-06, Vol.13 (2), p.544-552 |
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| creator | Mohamed, Hussein Brown, Joe Njee, Robert M Clasen, Thomas Malebo, Hamisi M Mbuligwe, Steven |
| description | Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines for higher turbidity waters are sufficient to produce potable water. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination across a range of turbidities found in rural water sources, following local dosing guidelines that recommend a 'double dose' for water that is visibly turbid. We chlorinated water from 43 sources representing a range of turbidities using two locally available chlorine-based disinfectants: WaterGuard and Aquatabs. We determined free available chlorine at 30 min and 24 h contact time. Our data suggest that water chlorination with WaterGuard or Aquatabs can be effective using both single and double doses up to 20 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), or using a double dose of Aquatabs up to 100 NTU, but neither was effective at turbidities greater than 100 NTU. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2014.001 |
| format | Article |
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The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines for higher turbidity waters are sufficient to produce potable water. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination across a range of turbidities found in rural water sources, following local dosing guidelines that recommend a 'double dose' for water that is visibly turbid. We chlorinated water from 43 sources representing a range of turbidities using two locally available chlorine-based disinfectants: WaterGuard and Aquatabs. We determined free available chlorine at 30 min and 24 h contact time. Our data suggest that water chlorination with WaterGuard or Aquatabs can be effective using both single and double doses up to 20 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), or using a double dose of Aquatabs up to 100 NTU, but neither was effective at turbidities greater than 100 NTU.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.001</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26042985</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Bacteria ; Chlorination ; Chlorine ; Diarrhea ; Disease prevention ; Disinfectants ; Disinfection ; Dosage ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - chemistry ; Drinking Water - microbiology ; Drinking Water - standards ; Efficiency ; Family Characteristics ; Guidelines ; Halogenation ; Households ; Humans ; International organizations ; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry ; Rural Population ; Sodium ; Tanzania ; Turbidity ; Viruses ; Water - chemistry ; Water Purification - methods ; Water quality ; Water shortages ; Water supply ; Water Supply - standards ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2015-06, Vol.13 (2), p.544-552</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Jun 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-3dfe29f8ed244722590d86b4dfb5f34830c84deef13f9a4407429133192732fb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-3dfe29f8ed244722590d86b4dfb5f34830c84deef13f9a4407429133192732fb3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042985$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mohamed, Hussein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Joe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Njee, Robert M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clasen, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Malebo, Hamisi M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mbuligwe, Steven</creatorcontrib><title>Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines for higher turbidity waters are sufficient to produce potable water. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination across a range of turbidities found in rural water sources, following local dosing guidelines that recommend a 'double dose' for water that is visibly turbid. We chlorinated water from 43 sources representing a range of turbidities using two locally available chlorine-based disinfectants: WaterGuard and Aquatabs. We determined free available chlorine at 30 min and 24 h contact time. 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Our data suggest that water chlorination with WaterGuard or Aquatabs can be effective using both single and double doses up to 20 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), or using a double dose of Aquatabs up to 100 NTU, but neither was effective at turbidities greater than 100 NTU.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>26042985</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2014.001</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1477-8920 |
| ispartof | Journal of water and health, 2015-06, Vol.13 (2), p.544-552 |
| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Bacteria Chlorination Chlorine Diarrhea Disease prevention Disinfectants Disinfection Dosage Drinking water Drinking Water - chemistry Drinking Water - microbiology Drinking Water - standards Efficiency Family Characteristics Guidelines Halogenation Households Humans International organizations Nephelometry and Turbidimetry Rural Population Sodium Tanzania Turbidity Viruses Water - chemistry Water Purification - methods Water quality Water shortages Water supply Water Supply - standards Water treatment |
| title | Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania |
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