Seeing the landscape for the trees: Metrics to guide riparian shade management in river catchments

Rising water temperature (Tw) due to anthropogenic climate change may have serious consequences for river ecosystems. Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly...

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Veröffentlicht in:Water resources research 2015-05, Vol.51 (5), p.3754-3769
Hauptverfasser: Johnson, Matthew F., Wilby, Robert L.
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description Rising water temperature (Tw) due to anthropogenic climate change may have serious consequences for river ecosystems. Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly heterogeneous in space and time, so benefits of shading are also expected to be site specific. We use a network of high‐resolution temperature measurements from two upland rivers in the UK, in conjunction with topographic shade modeling, to assess the relative significance of landscape and riparian shade to the thermal behavior of river reaches. Trees occupy 7% of the study catchments (comparable with the UK national average) yet shade covers 52% of the area and is concentrated along river corridors. Riparian shade is most beneficial for managing Tw at distances 5–20 km downstream from the source of the rivers where discharge is modest, flow is dominated by near‐surface hydrological pathways, there is a wide floodplain with little landscape shade, and where cumulative solar exposure times are sufficient to affect Tw. For the rivers studied, we find that approximately 0.5 km of complete shade is necessary to off‐set Tw by 1°C during July (the month with peak Tw) at a headwater site; whereas 1.1 km of shade is required 25 km downstream. Further research is needed to assess the integrated effect of future changes in air temperature, sunshine duration, direct solar radiation, and downward diffuse radiation on Tw to help tree planting schemes achieve intended outcomes. Key Points: Temperature over long stretches of river will not be affected by riparian shade Midreaches of headwater streams are most responsive to riparian shade To offset a 1°C temperature rise, 1 km of trees is necessary in UK small streams
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Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly heterogeneous in space and time, so benefits of shading are also expected to be site specific. We use a network of high‐resolution temperature measurements from two upland rivers in the UK, in conjunction with topographic shade modeling, to assess the relative significance of landscape and riparian shade to the thermal behavior of river reaches. Trees occupy 7% of the study catchments (comparable with the UK national average) yet shade covers 52% of the area and is concentrated along river corridors. Riparian shade is most beneficial for managing Tw at distances 5–20 km downstream from the source of the rivers where discharge is modest, flow is dominated by near‐surface hydrological pathways, there is a wide floodplain with little landscape shade, and where cumulative solar exposure times are sufficient to affect Tw. For the rivers studied, we find that approximately 0.5 km of complete shade is necessary to off‐set Tw by 1°C during July (the month with peak Tw) at a headwater site; whereas 1.1 km of shade is required 25 km downstream. Further research is needed to assess the integrated effect of future changes in air temperature, sunshine duration, direct solar radiation, and downward diffuse radiation on Tw to help tree planting schemes achieve intended outcomes. 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Res</addtitle><description>Rising water temperature (Tw) due to anthropogenic climate change may have serious consequences for river ecosystems. Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly heterogeneous in space and time, so benefits of shading are also expected to be site specific. We use a network of high‐resolution temperature measurements from two upland rivers in the UK, in conjunction with topographic shade modeling, to assess the relative significance of landscape and riparian shade to the thermal behavior of river reaches. Trees occupy 7% of the study catchments (comparable with the UK national average) yet shade covers 52% of the area and is concentrated along river corridors. 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source Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Access via Wiley Online Library; Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Library
subjects Air temperature
Anthropogenic climate changes
Anthropogenic factors
Aquatic ecosystems
buffer strip
Catchment area
Catchments
Climate
Climate change
Conservation
Corridors
Creeks & streams
Diffuse radiation
Direct solar radiation
Discharge
Downstream
Downstream effects
Duration
Ecosystems
Floodplains
Headwaters
heat capacity
High resolution
Hydrology
Landscape
Management
Modelling
Planting
Radiation
riparian
River catchments
River ecology
Rivers
Shade
Shading
Solar radiation
Sunlight
Sunshine duration
Surface temperature
Temperature effects
Temperature measurement
thermal refugia
Thermodynamic properties
Tree planting
Trees
Water temperature
title Seeing the landscape for the trees: Metrics to guide riparian shade management in river catchments
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