Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study
Background: Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures. Aims: To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of social psychiatry 2015-08, Vol.61 (5), p.475-483 |
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| container_title | International journal of social psychiatry |
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| creator | Malagón-Amor, Ángeles Córcoles-Martínez, David Martín-López, Luis M Pérez-Solà, Víctor |
| description | Background:
Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures.
Aims:
To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in Spain.
Method:
Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal into one’s residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales.
Results:
A total of 164 cases were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment.
Conclusion:
This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/0020764014553003 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1698964708</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sage_id>10.1177_0020764014553003</sage_id><sourcerecordid>1933563136</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-c7e10f3c90a0e04af689d37943b3d639ac0ac5be94d513fe1cddf222802609cf3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kM1LAzEQxYMotlbvnmTBSy-rk50ku_FWilqh4EE9L2mSlbTdD5PdQv97t7SKFDwNw_u9N8Mj5JrCHaVpeg-QQCoYUMY5AuAJGdKU0TjJODslw50c7_QBuQhhCf1OAc_JIOlplJwPyXjmVm5Vl7V3kauit0a56iGaRMYG7V3Tuo2NQtuZ7SU5K9Q62KvDHJGPp8f36Syevz6_TCfzWDOkbaxTS6FALUGBBaYKkUmDqWS4QCNQKg1K84WVzHCKhaXamCJJkgwSAVIXOCLjfW7j66_OhjYvXdB2vVaVrbuQUyEzKVgKWY_eHqHLuvNV_11OJSIXSFH0FOwp7esQvC3yxrtS-W1OId-1mB-32FtuDsHdorTm1_BTWw_EeyCoT_vn6n-B3-BydmE</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1933563136</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SAGE Complete</source><creator>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles ; Córcoles-Martínez, David ; Martín-López, Luis M ; Pérez-Solà, Víctor</creator><creatorcontrib>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles ; Córcoles-Martínez, David ; Martín-López, Luis M ; Pérez-Solà, Víctor</creatorcontrib><description>Background:
Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures.
Aims:
To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in Spain.
Method:
Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal into one’s residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales.
Results:
A total of 164 cases were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment.
Conclusion:
This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0020-7640</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1741-2854</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/0020764014553003</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25303955</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London, England: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age of onset ; Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis ; Anxiety Disorders - therapy ; Clinical assessment ; Comorbidity ; Demography ; Disability ; Female ; Health behavior ; Health problems ; Home based treatment ; Humans ; Illnesses ; International comparisons ; Male ; Medical diagnosis ; Mental disorders ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychopathology ; Psychosis ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotic Disorders - diagnosis ; Psychotic Disorders - therapy ; Residence ; Severity ; Social functioning ; Social isolation ; Social Isolation - psychology ; Sociodemographics ; Spain ; Symptoms ; Teams ; Treatment needs</subject><ispartof>International journal of social psychiatry, 2015-08, Vol.61 (5), p.475-483</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2014</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2014.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-c7e10f3c90a0e04af689d37943b3d639ac0ac5be94d513fe1cddf222802609cf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-c7e10f3c90a0e04af689d37943b3d639ac0ac5be94d513fe1cddf222802609cf3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020764014553003$$EPDF$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764014553003$$EHTML$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,21798,27901,27902,30976,43597,43598</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25303955$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Córcoles-Martínez, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martín-López, Luis M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez-Solà, Víctor</creatorcontrib><title>Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study</title><title>International journal of social psychiatry</title><addtitle>Int J Soc Psychiatry</addtitle><description>Background:
Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures.
Aims:
To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in Spain.
Method:
Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal into one’s residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales.
Results:
A total of 164 cases were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment.
Conclusion:
This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age of onset</subject><subject>Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis</subject><subject>Anxiety Disorders - therapy</subject><subject>Clinical assessment</subject><subject>Comorbidity</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Disability</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health behavior</subject><subject>Health problems</subject><subject>Home based treatment</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Illnesses</subject><subject>International comparisons</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</subject><subject>Psychopathology</subject><subject>Psychosis</subject><subject>Psychotherapy</subject><subject>Psychotic Disorders - diagnosis</subject><subject>Psychotic Disorders - therapy</subject><subject>Residence</subject><subject>Severity</subject><subject>Social functioning</subject><subject>Social isolation</subject><subject>Social Isolation - psychology</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Spain</subject><subject>Symptoms</subject><subject>Teams</subject><subject>Treatment needs</subject><issn>0020-7640</issn><issn>1741-2854</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kM1LAzEQxYMotlbvnmTBSy-rk50ku_FWilqh4EE9L2mSlbTdD5PdQv97t7SKFDwNw_u9N8Mj5JrCHaVpeg-QQCoYUMY5AuAJGdKU0TjJODslw50c7_QBuQhhCf1OAc_JIOlplJwPyXjmVm5Vl7V3kauit0a56iGaRMYG7V3Tuo2NQtuZ7SU5K9Q62KvDHJGPp8f36Syevz6_TCfzWDOkbaxTS6FALUGBBaYKkUmDqWS4QCNQKg1K84WVzHCKhaXamCJJkgwSAVIXOCLjfW7j66_OhjYvXdB2vVaVrbuQUyEzKVgKWY_eHqHLuvNV_11OJSIXSFH0FOwp7esQvC3yxrtS-W1OId-1mB-32FtuDsHdorTm1_BTWw_EeyCoT_vn6n-B3-BydmE</recordid><startdate>20150801</startdate><enddate>20150801</enddate><creator>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles</creator><creator>Córcoles-Martínez, David</creator><creator>Martín-López, Luis M</creator><creator>Pérez-Solà, Víctor</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Sage Publications Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150801</creationdate><title>Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study</title><author>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles ; Córcoles-Martínez, David ; Martín-López, Luis M ; Pérez-Solà, Víctor</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-c7e10f3c90a0e04af689d37943b3d639ac0ac5be94d513fe1cddf222802609cf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age of onset</topic><topic>Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis</topic><topic>Anxiety Disorders - therapy</topic><topic>Clinical assessment</topic><topic>Comorbidity</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Disability</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health behavior</topic><topic>Health problems</topic><topic>Home based treatment</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Illnesses</topic><topic>International comparisons</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical diagnosis</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</topic><topic>Psychopathology</topic><topic>Psychosis</topic><topic>Psychotherapy</topic><topic>Psychotic Disorders - diagnosis</topic><topic>Psychotic Disorders - therapy</topic><topic>Residence</topic><topic>Severity</topic><topic>Social functioning</topic><topic>Social isolation</topic><topic>Social Isolation - psychology</topic><topic>Sociodemographics</topic><topic>Spain</topic><topic>Symptoms</topic><topic>Teams</topic><topic>Treatment needs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Córcoles-Martínez, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martín-López, Luis M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez-Solà, Víctor</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal of social psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Malagón-Amor, Ángeles</au><au>Córcoles-Martínez, David</au><au>Martín-López, Luis M</au><au>Pérez-Solà, Víctor</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study</atitle><jtitle>International journal of social psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Soc Psychiatry</addtitle><date>2015-08-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>61</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>475</spage><epage>483</epage><pages>475-483</pages><issn>0020-7640</issn><eissn>1741-2854</eissn><abstract>Background:
Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its psychopathology and existence in different cultures.
Aims:
To describe the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in Spain.
Method:
Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal into one’s residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales.
Results:
A total of 164 cases were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment.
Conclusion:
This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology.</abstract><cop>London, England</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>25303955</pmid><doi>10.1177/0020764014553003</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International journal of social psychiatry, 2015-08, Vol.61 (5), p.475-483 |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; SAGE Complete |
| subjects | Adult Age of onset Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis Anxiety Disorders - therapy Clinical assessment Comorbidity Demography Disability Female Health behavior Health problems Home based treatment Humans Illnesses International comparisons Male Medical diagnosis Mental disorders Middle Aged Prospective Studies Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychopathology Psychosis Psychotherapy Psychotic Disorders - diagnosis Psychotic Disorders - therapy Residence Severity Social functioning Social isolation Social Isolation - psychology Sociodemographics Spain Symptoms Teams Treatment needs |
| title | Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study |
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