Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX su...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of nutrition 2014-12, Vol.112 (11), p.1797-1804 |
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| creator | Yang, Yue Pham, Tho X. Wegner, Casey J. Kim, Bohkyung Ku, Chai Siah Park, Young-Ki Lee, Ji-Young |
| description | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX supplementation can prevent the development of NAFLD in obesity, male C57BL/6J mice (n 8 per group) were fed a high-fat diet (35 %, w/w) supplemented with 0, 0·003, 0·01 or 0·03 % of ASTX (w/w) for 12 weeks. The 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant decrease in plasma TAG concentrations, suggesting that ASTX at a 0·03 % supplementation dosage exerts a hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Although there was an increase in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2, the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1, a critical enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, exhibited an increase in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a decrease in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream genes, which are critical for endogenous antioxidant mechanism, in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance of IL-6 in the primary splenocytes isolated from the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when compared with that in the splenocytes isolated from the control group. In conclusion, ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0007114514002554 |
| format | Article |
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We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX supplementation can prevent the development of NAFLD in obesity, male C57BL/6J mice (n 8 per group) were fed a high-fat diet (35 %, w/w) supplemented with 0, 0·003, 0·01 or 0·03 % of ASTX (w/w) for 12 weeks. The 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant decrease in plasma TAG concentrations, suggesting that ASTX at a 0·03 % supplementation dosage exerts a hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Although there was an increase in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2, the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1, a critical enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, exhibited an increase in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a decrease in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream genes, which are critical for endogenous antioxidant mechanism, in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance of IL-6 in the primary splenocytes isolated from the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when compared with that in the splenocytes isolated from the control group. In conclusion, ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0007-1145</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2662</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514002554</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25328157</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BJNUAV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Adipose Tissue - drug effects ; Adipose Tissue - metabolism ; Alanine Transaminase - blood ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Antioxidants - metabolism ; Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood ; Biological and medical sciences ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dietary Supplements ; Fatty acids ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen ; Gene Expression - drug effects ; Lipid Metabolism - drug effects ; Lipogenesis - drug effects ; Lipogenesis - genetics ; Liver - drug effects ; Liver - metabolism ; Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metabolic diseases ; Metabolic disorders ; Metabolism and Metabolic Studies ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - prevention & control ; Obesity ; Obesity - blood ; Obesity - drug therapy ; Obesity - genetics ; Other diseases. Semiology ; Oxidative stress ; Phytochemicals ; Preventive medicine ; RNA, Messenger - genetics ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; Rodents ; Spleen - drug effects ; Spleen - metabolism ; Triglycerides - blood ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems ; Xanthophylls - administration & dosage ; Xanthophylls - pharmacology</subject><ispartof>British journal of nutrition, 2014-12, Vol.112 (11), p.1797-1804</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Authors 2014</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-44c3b5ad22de44405b006fd0cd25db612f4403467c7b090c9695d12dc94201a53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-44c3b5ad22de44405b006fd0cd25db612f4403467c7b090c9695d12dc94201a53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007114514002554/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,776,780,27901,27902,55603</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=29045919$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25328157$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yang, Yue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Tho X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wegner, Casey J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Bohkyung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ku, Chai Siah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Young-Ki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Ji-Young</creatorcontrib><title>Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice</title><title>British journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><description>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX supplementation can prevent the development of NAFLD in obesity, male C57BL/6J mice (n 8 per group) were fed a high-fat diet (35 %, w/w) supplemented with 0, 0·003, 0·01 or 0·03 % of ASTX (w/w) for 12 weeks. The 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant decrease in plasma TAG concentrations, suggesting that ASTX at a 0·03 % supplementation dosage exerts a hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Although there was an increase in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2, the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1, a critical enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, exhibited an increase in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a decrease in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream genes, which are critical for endogenous antioxidant mechanism, in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance of IL-6 in the primary splenocytes isolated from the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when compared with that in the splenocytes isolated from the control group. In conclusion, ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation.</description><subject>Adipose Tissue - drug effects</subject><subject>Adipose Tissue - metabolism</subject><subject>Alanine Transaminase - blood</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Antioxidants - metabolism</subject><subject>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Diet, High-Fat</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen</subject><subject>Gene Expression - drug effects</subject><subject>Lipid Metabolism - drug effects</subject><subject>Lipogenesis - drug effects</subject><subject>Lipogenesis - genetics</subject><subject>Liver - drug effects</subject><subject>Liver - metabolism</subject><subject>Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metabolic diseases</subject><subject>Metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Metabolism and Metabolic Studies</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred C57BL</subject><subject>NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics</subject><subject>Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - prevention & control</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Obesity - blood</subject><subject>Obesity - drug therapy</subject><subject>Obesity - genetics</subject><subject>Other diseases. Semiology</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Preventive medicine</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Spleen - drug effects</subject><subject>Spleen - metabolism</subject><subject>Triglycerides - blood</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><subject>Xanthophylls - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Xanthophylls - pharmacology</subject><issn>0007-1145</issn><issn>1475-2662</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU-LFDEQxYMo7rj6AbxIQAQvrZV00pkch0VXYcGD67lJJ9W7WbrTbaqbncUvb4Yd_6AInorU-72qCo-x5wLeCBDm7WcAMEIoLRSA1Fo9YBuhjK5k08iHbHOQq4N-wp4Q3ZTnVoB9zE6kruVWaLNh33a0uL1Ly3VMfJhuMROfB0ej45e7c-6n5DEt2S1xSsRdCjwmn9EREr_GufR96RZ1H0Op_AoTctzPGYmKpdA8RFyqmMLqMfCpQ4rLHR-jx6fsUe8GwmfHesq-vH93efahuvh0_vFsd1F5rfRSKeXrTrsgZUClFOgOoOkD-CB16Boh-9KsVWO86cCCt43VQcjgrZIgnK5P2ev7uXOevq5ISztG8jgMLuG0Uisaq6yxysj_QKUBo-S2LujLP9Cbac2pfKRQemuEVCAKJe4pnyeijH075zi6fNcKaA8htn-FWDwvjpPXbsTw0_EjtQK8OgKOvBv67JKP9IuzoLQVtnD1cbkbuxzDFf524z_XfwcjU7Li</recordid><startdate>20141214</startdate><enddate>20141214</enddate><creator>Yang, Yue</creator><creator>Pham, Tho X.</creator><creator>Wegner, Casey J.</creator><creator>Kim, Bohkyung</creator><creator>Ku, Chai Siah</creator><creator>Park, Young-Ki</creator><creator>Lee, Ji-Young</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141214</creationdate><title>Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice</title><author>Yang, Yue ; Pham, Tho X. ; Wegner, Casey J. ; Kim, Bohkyung ; Ku, Chai Siah ; Park, Young-Ki ; Lee, Ji-Young</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-44c3b5ad22de44405b006fd0cd25db612f4403467c7b090c9695d12dc94201a53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Adipose Tissue - drug effects</topic><topic>Adipose Tissue - metabolism</topic><topic>Alanine Transaminase - blood</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Antioxidants - metabolism</topic><topic>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Diet, High-Fat</topic><topic>Dietary Supplements</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen</topic><topic>Gene Expression - drug effects</topic><topic>Lipid Metabolism - drug effects</topic><topic>Lipogenesis - drug effects</topic><topic>Lipogenesis - genetics</topic><topic>Liver - drug effects</topic><topic>Liver - metabolism</topic><topic>Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metabolic diseases</topic><topic>Metabolic disorders</topic><topic>Metabolism and Metabolic Studies</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred C57BL</topic><topic>NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics</topic><topic>Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - prevention & control</topic><topic>Obesity</topic><topic>Obesity - blood</topic><topic>Obesity - drug therapy</topic><topic>Obesity - genetics</topic><topic>Other diseases. Semiology</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>Phytochemicals</topic><topic>Preventive medicine</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Spleen - drug effects</topic><topic>Spleen - metabolism</topic><topic>Triglycerides - blood</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><topic>Xanthophylls - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Xanthophylls - pharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yang, Yue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Tho X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wegner, Casey J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Bohkyung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ku, Chai Siah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Young-Ki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Ji-Young</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><jtitle>British journal of nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yang, Yue</au><au>Pham, Tho X.</au><au>Wegner, Casey J.</au><au>Kim, Bohkyung</au><au>Ku, Chai Siah</au><au>Park, Young-Ki</au><au>Lee, Ji-Young</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice</atitle><jtitle>British journal of nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><date>2014-12-14</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>112</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1797</spage><epage>1804</epage><pages>1797-1804</pages><issn>0007-1145</issn><eissn>1475-2662</eissn><coden>BJNUAV</coden><abstract>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX supplementation can prevent the development of NAFLD in obesity, male C57BL/6J mice (n 8 per group) were fed a high-fat diet (35 %, w/w) supplemented with 0, 0·003, 0·01 or 0·03 % of ASTX (w/w) for 12 weeks. The 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant decrease in plasma TAG concentrations, suggesting that ASTX at a 0·03 % supplementation dosage exerts a hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Although there was an increase in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2, the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1, a critical enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, exhibited an increase in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a decrease in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream genes, which are critical for endogenous antioxidant mechanism, in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance of IL-6 in the primary splenocytes isolated from the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when compared with that in the splenocytes isolated from the control group. In conclusion, ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>25328157</pmid><doi>10.1017/S0007114514002554</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adipose Tissue - drug effects Adipose Tissue - metabolism Alanine Transaminase - blood Animals Antioxidants Antioxidants - metabolism Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood Biological and medical sciences Diet, High-Fat Dietary Supplements Fatty acids Feeding. Feeding behavior Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen Gene Expression - drug effects Lipid Metabolism - drug effects Lipogenesis - drug effects Lipogenesis - genetics Liver - drug effects Liver - metabolism Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas Male Medical sciences Metabolic diseases Metabolic disorders Metabolism and Metabolic Studies Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - genetics Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - prevention & control Obesity Obesity - blood Obesity - drug therapy Obesity - genetics Other diseases. Semiology Oxidative stress Phytochemicals Preventive medicine RNA, Messenger - genetics RNA, Messenger - metabolism Rodents Spleen - drug effects Spleen - metabolism Triglycerides - blood Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Xanthophylls - administration & dosage Xanthophylls - pharmacology |
| title | Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice |
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