Flexible Conflict Management: Conflict Avoidance and Conflict Adjustment in Reactive Cognitive Control
Conflict processing is assumed to serve two crucial, yet distinct functions: Regarding task performance, control is adjusted to overcome the conflict. Regarding task choice, control is harnessed to bias decision making away from the source of conflict. Despite recent theoretical progress, until now...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition memory, and cognition, 2015-07, Vol.41 (4), p.975-988 |
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| container_title | Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition |
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| creator | Dignath, David Kiesel, Andrea Eder, Andreas B. |
| description | Conflict processing is assumed to serve two crucial, yet distinct functions: Regarding task performance, control is adjusted to overcome the conflict. Regarding task choice, control is harnessed to bias decision making away from the source of conflict. Despite recent theoretical progress, until now two lines of research addressed these conflict-management strategies independently of each other. In this research, we used a voluntary task-switching paradigm in combination with response interference tasks to study both strategies in concert. In Experiment 1, participants chose between two univalent tasks on each trial. Switch rates increased following conflict trials, indicating avoidance of conflict. Furthermore, congruency effects in reaction times and error rates were reduced following conflict trials, demonstrating conflict adjustment. In Experiment 2, we used bivalent instead of univalent stimuli. Conflict adjustment in task performance was unaffected by this manipulation, but conflict avoidance was not observed. Instead, task switches were reduced after conflict trials. In Experiment 3, we used tasks comprising univalent or bivalent stimuli. Only tasks with univalent revealed conflict avoidance, whereas conflict adjustment was found for all tasks. On the basis of established theories of cognitive control, an integrative process model is described that can account for flexible conflict management. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/xlm0000089 |
| format | Article |
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Regarding task choice, control is harnessed to bias decision making away from the source of conflict. Despite recent theoretical progress, until now two lines of research addressed these conflict-management strategies independently of each other. In this research, we used a voluntary task-switching paradigm in combination with response interference tasks to study both strategies in concert. In Experiment 1, participants chose between two univalent tasks on each trial. Switch rates increased following conflict trials, indicating avoidance of conflict. Furthermore, congruency effects in reaction times and error rates were reduced following conflict trials, demonstrating conflict adjustment. In Experiment 2, we used bivalent instead of univalent stimuli. Conflict adjustment in task performance was unaffected by this manipulation, but conflict avoidance was not observed. Instead, task switches were reduced after conflict trials. In Experiment 3, we used tasks comprising univalent or bivalent stimuli. Only tasks with univalent revealed conflict avoidance, whereas conflict adjustment was found for all tasks. On the basis of established theories of cognitive control, an integrative process model is described that can account for flexible conflict management.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-7393</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-1285</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000089</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25528083</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Psychological Association</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Adjustment ; Adjustment (to Environment) ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Avoidance ; Avoidance Learning ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition ; Cognition & reasoning ; Cognitive Control ; Cognitive Processes ; Conflict ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Conflict management ; Decision making ; Evaluation ; Executive Function ; Female ; Human ; Humans ; Interference (Learning) ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring ; Psychological Tests ; Reaction Time ; Statistical Analysis ; Stimuli ; Task Switching ; Visual task performance ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 2015-07, Vol.41 (4), p.975-988</ispartof><rights>2014 American Psychological Association</rights><rights>(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved.</rights><rights>2014, American Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychological Association Jul 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a471t-ce4797818b25f2ecb52bc8ce66fb6b300ad3ab50b4ae23dc0d7771be0ecc1a043</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ1067695$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25528083$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Greene, Robert L</contributor><creatorcontrib>Dignath, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiesel, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eder, Andreas B.</creatorcontrib><title>Flexible Conflict Management: Conflict Avoidance and Conflict Adjustment in Reactive Cognitive Control</title><title>Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition</title><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn</addtitle><description>Conflict processing is assumed to serve two crucial, yet distinct functions: Regarding task performance, control is adjusted to overcome the conflict. Regarding task choice, control is harnessed to bias decision making away from the source of conflict. Despite recent theoretical progress, until now two lines of research addressed these conflict-management strategies independently of each other. In this research, we used a voluntary task-switching paradigm in combination with response interference tasks to study both strategies in concert. In Experiment 1, participants chose between two univalent tasks on each trial. Switch rates increased following conflict trials, indicating avoidance of conflict. Furthermore, congruency effects in reaction times and error rates were reduced following conflict trials, demonstrating conflict adjustment. In Experiment 2, we used bivalent instead of univalent stimuli. Conflict adjustment in task performance was unaffected by this manipulation, but conflict avoidance was not observed. Instead, task switches were reduced after conflict trials. In Experiment 3, we used tasks comprising univalent or bivalent stimuli. Only tasks with univalent revealed conflict avoidance, whereas conflict adjustment was found for all tasks. On the basis of established theories of cognitive control, an integrative process model is described that can account for flexible conflict management.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Adaptation, Psychological</subject><subject>Adjustment</subject><subject>Adjustment (to Environment)</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Avoidance</subject><subject>Avoidance Learning</subject><subject>Choice Behavior</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Cognitive Control</subject><subject>Cognitive Processes</subject><subject>Conflict</subject><subject>Conflict (Psychology)</subject><subject>Conflict management</subject><subject>Decision making</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Executive Function</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interference (Learning)</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Monitoring</subject><subject>Psychological Tests</subject><subject>Reaction Time</subject><subject>Statistical Analysis</subject><subject>Stimuli</subject><subject>Task Switching</subject><subject>Visual task performance</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0278-7393</issn><issn>1939-1285</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp90c9rFDEUB_AgFrtWL96VAS_SMpqfk6S3srRaqQii55Bk3pQsmcyazJT2v3emu7biobkkvPfh5cEXoTcEfySYyU-3scfLUfoZWhHNdE2oEs_RClOpask0O0QvS9ncI6ZeoEMqBFVYsRXqLiLcBhehWg-pi8GP1Teb7DX0kMbTx-LZzRBamzxUNrX_lNvNVMbFViFVP8D6Mdwss65T2L_SmIf4Ch10NhZ4vb-P0K-L85_rL_XV98-X67Or2nJJxtoDl1oqohwVHQXvBHVeeWiazjWOYWxbZp3AjlugrPW4lVISBxi8JxZzdoQ-7OZu8_B7gjKaPhQPMdoEw1QMaTTXDRFKz_T9f3QzTDnN2y1KSEmJlE8rjjHlWOBZHe-Uz0MpGTqzzaG3-c4QbJaMzGNGM363Hzm5HtoH-jeUGbzdAcjBP7TPvxLcyHmzuX-y69utNdty520eg49Q_JTzHMXymeHEcKOlYH8AHBOlJQ</recordid><startdate>20150701</startdate><enddate>20150701</enddate><creator>Dignath, David</creator><creator>Kiesel, Andrea</creator><creator>Eder, Andreas B.</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150701</creationdate><title>Flexible Conflict Management: Conflict Avoidance and Conflict Adjustment in Reactive Cognitive Control</title><author>Dignath, David ; Kiesel, Andrea ; Eder, Andreas B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a471t-ce4797818b25f2ecb52bc8ce66fb6b300ad3ab50b4ae23dc0d7771be0ecc1a043</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Adaptation, Psychological</topic><topic>Adjustment</topic><topic>Adjustment (to Environment)</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Avoidance</topic><topic>Avoidance Learning</topic><topic>Choice Behavior</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Cognition & reasoning</topic><topic>Cognitive Control</topic><topic>Cognitive Processes</topic><topic>Conflict</topic><topic>Conflict (Psychology)</topic><topic>Conflict management</topic><topic>Decision making</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Executive Function</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Interference (Learning)</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Monitoring</topic><topic>Psychological Tests</topic><topic>Reaction Time</topic><topic>Statistical Analysis</topic><topic>Stimuli</topic><topic>Task Switching</topic><topic>Visual task performance</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dignath, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiesel, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eder, Andreas B.</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Access via APA PsycArticles® (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental psychology. 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Regarding task choice, control is harnessed to bias decision making away from the source of conflict. Despite recent theoretical progress, until now two lines of research addressed these conflict-management strategies independently of each other. In this research, we used a voluntary task-switching paradigm in combination with response interference tasks to study both strategies in concert. In Experiment 1, participants chose between two univalent tasks on each trial. Switch rates increased following conflict trials, indicating avoidance of conflict. Furthermore, congruency effects in reaction times and error rates were reduced following conflict trials, demonstrating conflict adjustment. In Experiment 2, we used bivalent instead of univalent stimuli. Conflict adjustment in task performance was unaffected by this manipulation, but conflict avoidance was not observed. Instead, task switches were reduced after conflict trials. 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| subjects | Accuracy Adaptation, Psychological Adjustment Adjustment (to Environment) Adolescent Adult Avoidance Avoidance Learning Choice Behavior Cognition Cognition & reasoning Cognitive Control Cognitive Processes Conflict Conflict (Psychology) Conflict management Decision making Evaluation Executive Function Female Human Humans Interference (Learning) Male Middle Aged Monitoring Psychological Tests Reaction Time Statistical Analysis Stimuli Task Switching Visual task performance Young Adult |
| title | Flexible Conflict Management: Conflict Avoidance and Conflict Adjustment in Reactive Cognitive Control |
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