Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan
This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2015-03, Vol.13 (1), p.270-284 |
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| creator | Abbas, Sidra Hashmi, Imran Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur Qazi, Ishtiaq A Awan, Mohammad A Nasir, Habib |
| description | This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10⁻³ and 1.22 × 10⁻³, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2014.096 |
| format | Article |
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THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10⁻³ and 1.22 × 10⁻³, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.096</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25719485</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Bromodichloromethane ; Byproducts ; Cancer ; Carcinogens ; Chlorination ; Chlorine ; Chloroform ; Chromatography ; Cities ; Computer networks ; Disinfection ; Distribution management ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - analysis ; Eating ; Environmental Monitoring ; Exposure ; Female ; Females ; Halogenation ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Humans ; Ingestion ; Inhalation ; Laboratories ; Male ; Males ; Monitoring ; Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Pakistan ; Prediction models ; R&D ; Research & development ; Respiration ; Risk Assessment ; Routing (telecommunications) ; Skin ; Skin Absorption ; Surface water ; Trihalomethanes ; Trihalomethanes - analysis ; Trihalomethanes - toxicity ; Tropical diseases ; Water distribution ; Water engineering ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity ; Water shortages ; Water supply</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2015-03, Vol.13 (1), p.270-284</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Mar 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-3c91cde00477f84ef98dcdb83a05694de44def870c3b9d497779eb68e741b0533</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-3c91cde00477f84ef98dcdb83a05694de44def870c3b9d497779eb68e741b0533</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25719485$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Abbas, Sidra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hashmi, Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qazi, Ishtiaq A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awan, Mohammad A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nasir, Habib</creatorcontrib><title>Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10⁻³ and 1.22 × 10⁻³, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.</description><subject>Bromodichloromethane</subject><subject>Byproducts</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Chlorination</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chloroform</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Computer networks</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Distribution management</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Drinking Water - analysis</subject><subject>Eating</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Halogenation</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Inhalation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Monitoring</subject><subject>Neoplasms - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Prediction models</subject><subject>R&D</subject><subject>Research & development</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Routing (telecommunications)</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skin Absorption</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes - analysis</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes - toxicity</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Water distribution</subject><subject>Water engineering</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><subject>Water shortages</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><issn>1477-8920</issn><issn>1996-7829</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1v2yAYh9G0amnTnnqvkHaZVDnjw-bjWFVrV6lTe9jOCAOeSRyTAlbU_754yXboaQfEi3h49L78ALjEaEUwY1_3_YogXK-QZB_AKZaSVVwQ-bHUNeeVkAQtwFlKa4QIIw35BBak4VjWojkF6UcYfQ7Rj79h6KDph7nW2YcRWp_82Dnz59C-VrsY7GRygnq0MPfOR6hTCsbr7CzsnR5yD6NPmwR9eV08m1m7L9dxlj_rjU9Zj-fgpNNDchfHfQl-3X37efu9eny6f7i9eawMFTxX1EhsrEOoTNGJ2nVSWGNbQTVqmKytq8vqBEeGttLWknMuXcuE4zVuUUPpEnw5eEvjL5NLWW19Mm4Y9OjClBRmEhNJBOH_gfIGc0SZKOjnd-g6THEsgygsKSpfT-hMXR8oE0NK0XVqF_1Wx1eFkZpjU_tezbGpEluhr47Oqd06-4_9mxN9AwgEk7g</recordid><startdate>201503</startdate><enddate>201503</enddate><creator>Abbas, Sidra</creator><creator>Hashmi, Imran</creator><creator>Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur</creator><creator>Qazi, Ishtiaq A</creator><creator>Awan, Mohammad A</creator><creator>Nasir, Habib</creator><general>IWA Publishing</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201503</creationdate><title>Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan</title><author>Abbas, Sidra ; Hashmi, Imran ; Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur ; Qazi, Ishtiaq A ; Awan, Mohammad A ; Nasir, Habib</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-3c91cde00477f84ef98dcdb83a05694de44def870c3b9d497779eb68e741b0533</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Bromodichloromethane</topic><topic>Byproducts</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Chlorination</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Chloroform</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Computer networks</topic><topic>Disinfection</topic><topic>Distribution management</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Drinking Water - 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Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of water and health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abbas, Sidra</au><au>Hashmi, Imran</au><au>Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur</au><au>Qazi, Ishtiaq A</au><au>Awan, Mohammad A</au><au>Nasir, Habib</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan</atitle><jtitle>Journal of water and health</jtitle><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><date>2015-03</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>270</spage><epage>284</epage><pages>270-284</pages><issn>1477-8920</issn><eissn>1996-7829</eissn><abstract>This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10⁻³ and 1.22 × 10⁻³, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>25719485</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2014.096</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
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| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Bromodichloromethane Byproducts Cancer Carcinogens Chlorination Chlorine Chloroform Chromatography Cities Computer networks Disinfection Distribution management Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis Eating Environmental Monitoring Exposure Female Females Halogenation Health risk assessment Health risks Humans Ingestion Inhalation Laboratories Male Males Monitoring Neoplasms - epidemiology Pakistan Prediction models R&D Research & development Respiration Risk Assessment Routing (telecommunications) Skin Skin Absorption Surface water Trihalomethanes Trihalomethanes - analysis Trihalomethanes - toxicity Tropical diseases Water distribution Water engineering Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity Water shortages Water supply |
| title | Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan |
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