A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits throughout life and are obtained primarily through fish and fish oil supplements. Due to the growing popularity of dietary supplements, 47 commercial fish, krill, and algal oil supplements were...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2015-04, Vol.95 (6), p.1260-1267 |
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| creator | Kleiner, Alison C Cladis, Dennis P Santerre, Charles R |
| description | BACKGROUND
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits throughout life and are obtained primarily through fish and fish oil supplements. Due to the growing popularity of dietary supplements, 47 commercial fish, krill, and algal oil supplements were analyzed for EPA, DHA, and other fatty acids.
RESULTS
For fish‐ and krill‐based supplements, the range of EPA was 81.8 to 454.6 mg g−1 oil and DHA was 51.6 to 220.4 mg g−1 oil. For algal oil supplements, EPA ranged from 7.7 to 151.1 mg g−1 oil and DHA ranged from 237.8 to 423.5 mg g−1 oil. The percentage of the stated label amount for EPA and DHA ranged from 66 to 184% and 62 to 184%, respectively. Only 10 supplements (21% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated label amount of EPA, while 12 supplements (25% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated amount of DHA. Over 70% of the supplements tested did not contain the stated label amount of EPA or DHA.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the quality of fish oil supplements is not being adequately monitored by manufacturers or government agencies and increased testing is needed to ensure regulatory compliance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jsfa.6816 |
| format | Article |
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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits throughout life and are obtained primarily through fish and fish oil supplements. Due to the growing popularity of dietary supplements, 47 commercial fish, krill, and algal oil supplements were analyzed for EPA, DHA, and other fatty acids.
RESULTS
For fish‐ and krill‐based supplements, the range of EPA was 81.8 to 454.6 mg g−1 oil and DHA was 51.6 to 220.4 mg g−1 oil. For algal oil supplements, EPA ranged from 7.7 to 151.1 mg g−1 oil and DHA ranged from 237.8 to 423.5 mg g−1 oil. The percentage of the stated label amount for EPA and DHA ranged from 66 to 184% and 62 to 184%, respectively. Only 10 supplements (21% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated label amount of EPA, while 12 supplements (25% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated amount of DHA. Over 70% of the supplements tested did not contain the stated label amount of EPA or DHA.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the quality of fish oil supplements is not being adequately monitored by manufacturers or government agencies and increased testing is needed to ensure regulatory compliance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-5142</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0010</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6816</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25044306</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JSFAAE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Algae ; algal oils ; Animals ; Chemical industries ; Compliance ; DHA ; dietary supplement ; Dietary supplements ; Dietary Supplements - analysis ; Dietary Supplements - standards ; Docosahexaenoic acid ; Docosahexaenoic Acids - analysis ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analysis ; EPA ; Euphausiacea - chemistry ; Fatty acids ; Fish ; fish oil ; Fish oils ; Fish Oils - chemistry ; Food Labeling ; Food science ; Foods ; government agencies ; Humans ; Krill ; Labels ; Marketing ; Nutrition research ; Plant Oils - chemistry ; United States</subject><ispartof>Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2015-04, Vol.95 (6), p.1260-1267</ispartof><rights>2014 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><rights>2014 Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>Copyright John Wiley and Sons, Limited Apr 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5266-bd903099d64a06e8fd4a5d6d88b93befe3605f609707b47f0953977e46e9ecb73</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjsfa.6816$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjsfa.6816$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,1412,27905,27906,45555,45556</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25044306$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kleiner, Alison C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cladis, Dennis P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santerre, Charles R</creatorcontrib><title>A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States</title><title>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</title><addtitle>J. Sci. Food Agric</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits throughout life and are obtained primarily through fish and fish oil supplements. Due to the growing popularity of dietary supplements, 47 commercial fish, krill, and algal oil supplements were analyzed for EPA, DHA, and other fatty acids.
RESULTS
For fish‐ and krill‐based supplements, the range of EPA was 81.8 to 454.6 mg g−1 oil and DHA was 51.6 to 220.4 mg g−1 oil. For algal oil supplements, EPA ranged from 7.7 to 151.1 mg g−1 oil and DHA ranged from 237.8 to 423.5 mg g−1 oil. The percentage of the stated label amount for EPA and DHA ranged from 66 to 184% and 62 to 184%, respectively. Only 10 supplements (21% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated label amount of EPA, while 12 supplements (25% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated amount of DHA. Over 70% of the supplements tested did not contain the stated label amount of EPA or DHA.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the quality of fish oil supplements is not being adequately monitored by manufacturers or government agencies and increased testing is needed to ensure regulatory compliance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry</description><subject>Algae</subject><subject>algal oils</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Chemical industries</subject><subject>Compliance</subject><subject>DHA</subject><subject>dietary supplement</subject><subject>Dietary supplements</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements - analysis</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements - standards</subject><subject>Docosahexaenoic acid</subject><subject>Docosahexaenoic Acids - analysis</subject><subject>eicosapentaenoic acid</subject><subject>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analysis</subject><subject>EPA</subject><subject>Euphausiacea - chemistry</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>fish oil</subject><subject>Fish oils</subject><subject>Fish Oils - chemistry</subject><subject>Food Labeling</subject><subject>Food science</subject><subject>Foods</subject><subject>government agencies</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Krill</subject><subject>Labels</subject><subject>Marketing</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Plant Oils - chemistry</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>0022-5142</issn><issn>1097-0010</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkktv1TAQhS0EoreFBX8AWWLTTdpx_IqXUWl7QS0UtVXZWU4ygVzyIk6A7vjp2NzSBZt2ZUvznaM5M0PIKwYHDCA93PjaHaiMqSdkxcDoBIDBU7IKtTSRTKQ7ZNf7DQAYo9RzspNKEIKDWpHfOS2HbnRT44eeDjV15by4lv7AyS-e-tnNWNHWFdhS1w1LP_tIHV_k1PUVfbvOadNHiw6nsgnCocMvLuG0anB20y31yzi22GEUBnL-ivS6b6LpZfT2L8iz2rUeX969e-T65PjqaJ2cfTx9d5SfJaVMlUqKygAP7VdKOFCY1ZVwslJVlhWGF1gjVyBrFcKDLoSuwUhutEah0GBZaL5H9re-4zR8X9DPtmt8iW3rehwWb5lmkDKmgD-MKq2NlCx7FMq54Zlmj0CVYEaFvgP65j90MyxTH8bzlzKCcRETvb6jlqLDyo5T04WJ23_LDcDhFvjZtHh7X2dg49XYeDU2Xo19f3mSx09QJFtF42f8da9w0zcbgmhpbz6c2vOrc_NpffPZcv4HZkfBJA</recordid><startdate>201504</startdate><enddate>201504</enddate><creator>Kleiner, Alison C</creator><creator>Cladis, Dennis P</creator><creator>Santerre, Charles R</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>John Wiley and Sons, Limited</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201504</creationdate><title>A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States</title><author>Kleiner, Alison C ; Cladis, Dennis P ; Santerre, Charles R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5266-bd903099d64a06e8fd4a5d6d88b93befe3605f609707b47f0953977e46e9ecb73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Algae</topic><topic>algal oils</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Chemical industries</topic><topic>Compliance</topic><topic>DHA</topic><topic>dietary supplement</topic><topic>Dietary supplements</topic><topic>Dietary Supplements - analysis</topic><topic>Dietary Supplements - standards</topic><topic>Docosahexaenoic acid</topic><topic>Docosahexaenoic Acids - analysis</topic><topic>eicosapentaenoic acid</topic><topic>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analysis</topic><topic>EPA</topic><topic>Euphausiacea - chemistry</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>fish oil</topic><topic>Fish oils</topic><topic>Fish Oils - chemistry</topic><topic>Food Labeling</topic><topic>Food science</topic><topic>Foods</topic><topic>government agencies</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Krill</topic><topic>Labels</topic><topic>Marketing</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Plant Oils - chemistry</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kleiner, Alison C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cladis, Dennis P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santerre, Charles R</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kleiner, Alison C</au><au>Cladis, Dennis P</au><au>Santerre, Charles R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the science of food and agriculture</jtitle><addtitle>J. Sci. Food Agric</addtitle><date>2015-04</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>95</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1260</spage><epage>1267</epage><pages>1260-1267</pages><issn>0022-5142</issn><eissn>1097-0010</eissn><coden>JSFAAE</coden><abstract>BACKGROUND
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with health benefits throughout life and are obtained primarily through fish and fish oil supplements. Due to the growing popularity of dietary supplements, 47 commercial fish, krill, and algal oil supplements were analyzed for EPA, DHA, and other fatty acids.
RESULTS
For fish‐ and krill‐based supplements, the range of EPA was 81.8 to 454.6 mg g−1 oil and DHA was 51.6 to 220.4 mg g−1 oil. For algal oil supplements, EPA ranged from 7.7 to 151.1 mg g−1 oil and DHA ranged from 237.8 to 423.5 mg g−1 oil. The percentage of the stated label amount for EPA and DHA ranged from 66 to 184% and 62 to 184%, respectively. Only 10 supplements (21% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated label amount of EPA, while 12 supplements (25% of those tested) had at least 100% of the stated amount of DHA. Over 70% of the supplements tested did not contain the stated label amount of EPA or DHA.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the quality of fish oil supplements is not being adequately monitored by manufacturers or government agencies and increased testing is needed to ensure regulatory compliance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>25044306</pmid><doi>10.1002/jsfa.6816</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2015-04, Vol.95 (6), p.1260-1267 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Algae algal oils Animals Chemical industries Compliance DHA dietary supplement Dietary supplements Dietary Supplements - analysis Dietary Supplements - standards Docosahexaenoic acid Docosahexaenoic Acids - analysis eicosapentaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analysis EPA Euphausiacea - chemistry Fatty acids Fish fish oil Fish oils Fish Oils - chemistry Food Labeling Food science Foods government agencies Humans Krill Labels Marketing Nutrition research Plant Oils - chemistry United States |
| title | A comparison of actual versus stated label amounts of EPA and DHA in commercial omega-3 dietary supplements in the United States |
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