Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 1: Fog Boundary Layer
Comprehensive fog field observations were conducted during the winters of 2006–2009 at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to study the macro and micro-physical structures and the physical–chemical processes of dense fogs in the area. The observations included features of th...
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description | Comprehensive fog field observations were conducted during the winters of 2006–2009 at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to study the macro and micro-physical structures and the physical–chemical processes of dense fogs in the area. The observations included features of the fog boundary layer, characteristics of fog water, the particle spectrum, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols, radiation and heat components, turbulence, meteorological elements (air temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction), and environmental monitoring. The fogs observed were divided into four types: radiation fog, advection–radiation fog, advection fog, and precipitation fog, according to the mechanisms and primary factors of the fog processes. Fog boundary-layer structures of different types and their corresponding characteristics were then studied. Fog boundary-layer features, temperature structures, wind fields, and fog maintenance are discussed. The results show that radiation fog had remarkable diurnal variation and formed mostly at sunset or midnight, and lifted after sunrise or at noon, and that advection–radiation fog and advection fog were of very long duration. Extremely dense fogs occurred only in radiation-related cases. Inversion in radiation fog was short-lived, disappearing 1 or 2 hours after sunrise or at noon, faster than that in advection–radiation fog. When wind direction reversed from easterly to westerly or from southerly to northerly, the fog became an extremely dense fog. Low-level jet at times impeded fog development, whereas at other times it encouraged fog continuance. The deep inversion was merely an essential condition for a thick fog layer; sufficient vapor supply was advantageous to the formation and maintenance of a deep fog layer. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00024-011-0343-x |
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Y. ; Niu, S. J. ; Yang, J. ; Zhao, L. J. ; Lü, J. J. ; Lu, C. S.</creator><creatorcontrib>Liu, D. Y. ; Niu, S. J. ; Yang, J. ; Zhao, L. J. ; Lü, J. J. ; Lu, C. S.</creatorcontrib><description>Comprehensive fog field observations were conducted during the winters of 2006–2009 at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to study the macro and micro-physical structures and the physical–chemical processes of dense fogs in the area. The observations included features of the fog boundary layer, characteristics of fog water, the particle spectrum, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols, radiation and heat components, turbulence, meteorological elements (air temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction), and environmental monitoring. The fogs observed were divided into four types: radiation fog, advection–radiation fog, advection fog, and precipitation fog, according to the mechanisms and primary factors of the fog processes. Fog boundary-layer structures of different types and their corresponding characteristics were then studied. Fog boundary-layer features, temperature structures, wind fields, and fog maintenance are discussed. The results show that radiation fog had remarkable diurnal variation and formed mostly at sunset or midnight, and lifted after sunrise or at noon, and that advection–radiation fog and advection fog were of very long duration. Extremely dense fogs occurred only in radiation-related cases. Inversion in radiation fog was short-lived, disappearing 1 or 2 hours after sunrise or at noon, faster than that in advection–radiation fog. When wind direction reversed from easterly to westerly or from southerly to northerly, the fog became an extremely dense fog. Low-level jet at times impeded fog development, whereas at other times it encouraged fog continuance. The deep inversion was merely an essential condition for a thick fog layer; sufficient vapor supply was advantageous to the formation and maintenance of a deep fog layer.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-4553</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1420-9136</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00024-011-0343-x</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PAGYAV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: SP Birkhäuser Verlag Basel</publisher><subject>Advection ; Air temperature ; Applied geophysics ; Boundaries ; Boundary layer ; Boundary layers ; Diurnal variations ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics ; Environmental monitoring ; Exact sciences and technology ; Field study ; Fog ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Humidity ; Internal geophysics ; Inversions ; Maintenance ; Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc ; Noon ; Wind direction ; Wind speed</subject><ispartof>Pure and applied geophysics, 2012-05, Vol.169 (5-6), p.809-819</ispartof><rights>Springer Basel AG 2011</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Springer Basel AG 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-3145afc257f6d5ac5ed247e250e8576f980bd1b8b3b9baea72ef95287a9306223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-3145afc257f6d5ac5ed247e250e8576f980bd1b8b3b9baea72ef95287a9306223</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00024-011-0343-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00024-011-0343-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>309,310,314,776,780,785,786,23910,23911,25119,27903,27904,41467,42536,51297</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25911978$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Liu, D. Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niu, S. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, L. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lü, J. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lu, C. S.</creatorcontrib><title>Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 1: Fog Boundary Layer</title><title>Pure and applied geophysics</title><addtitle>Pure Appl. Geophys</addtitle><description>Comprehensive fog field observations were conducted during the winters of 2006–2009 at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to study the macro and micro-physical structures and the physical–chemical processes of dense fogs in the area. The observations included features of the fog boundary layer, characteristics of fog water, the particle spectrum, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols, radiation and heat components, turbulence, meteorological elements (air temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction), and environmental monitoring. The fogs observed were divided into four types: radiation fog, advection–radiation fog, advection fog, and precipitation fog, according to the mechanisms and primary factors of the fog processes. Fog boundary-layer structures of different types and their corresponding characteristics were then studied. Fog boundary-layer features, temperature structures, wind fields, and fog maintenance are discussed. The results show that radiation fog had remarkable diurnal variation and formed mostly at sunset or midnight, and lifted after sunrise or at noon, and that advection–radiation fog and advection fog were of very long duration. Extremely dense fogs occurred only in radiation-related cases. Inversion in radiation fog was short-lived, disappearing 1 or 2 hours after sunrise or at noon, faster than that in advection–radiation fog. When wind direction reversed from easterly to westerly or from southerly to northerly, the fog became an extremely dense fog. Low-level jet at times impeded fog development, whereas at other times it encouraged fog continuance. The deep inversion was merely an essential condition for a thick fog layer; sufficient vapor supply was advantageous to the formation and maintenance of a deep fog layer.</description><subject>Advection</subject><subject>Air temperature</subject><subject>Applied geophysics</subject><subject>Boundaries</subject><subject>Boundary layer</subject><subject>Boundary layers</subject><subject>Diurnal variations</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Field study</subject><subject>Fog</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Internal geophysics</subject><subject>Inversions</subject><subject>Maintenance</subject><subject>Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc</subject><subject>Noon</subject><subject>Wind direction</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><issn>0033-4553</issn><issn>1420-9136</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kE1rGzEQhkVooK7TH9CbIBR6iJIZfaxWvTUmTgImCbg99CS0u1pnzXo3lXbB_veRY1NKIacZmOd9GR5CviBcIoC-igDAJQNEBkIKtj0hE5QcmEGRfSATACGYVEp8JJ9iXAOg1spMyHI5bjYu7GhfU0cl--1doPN-ReeNbyu6HMZqR5uOPvRhePYhLa5bN93qgj65MFD8_gZf92NX7VsWbufDGTmtXRv95-Ockl_zm5-zO7Z4vL2f_ViwUmgzMIFSubrkStdZpVypfMWl9lyBz5XOapNDUWGRF6IwhfNOc18bxXPtjICMczEl3w69L6H_M_o42E0TS9-2rvP9GC1mGiUaLlRCz_9D1_0YuvSdRUCuNRqZJQoPVBn6GIOv7Uto9nYSZPea7UGzTZrtXrPdpszXY7OLpWvr4LqyiX-DXBlEo_PE8QMX06lb-fDvB--VvwLOdonN</recordid><startdate>20120501</startdate><enddate>20120501</enddate><creator>Liu, D. 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Geothermics</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Field study</topic><topic>Fog</topic><topic>Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic>Humidity</topic><topic>Internal geophysics</topic><topic>Inversions</topic><topic>Maintenance</topic><topic>Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc</topic><topic>Noon</topic><topic>Wind direction</topic><topic>Wind speed</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Liu, D. Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niu, S. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, L. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lü, J. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lu, C. 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Y.</au><au>Niu, S. J.</au><au>Yang, J.</au><au>Zhao, L. J.</au><au>Lü, J. J.</au><au>Lu, C. S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 1: Fog Boundary Layer</atitle><jtitle>Pure and applied geophysics</jtitle><stitle>Pure Appl. Geophys</stitle><date>2012-05-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>169</volume><issue>5-6</issue><spage>809</spage><epage>819</epage><pages>809-819</pages><issn>0033-4553</issn><eissn>1420-9136</eissn><coden>PAGYAV</coden><abstract>Comprehensive fog field observations were conducted during the winters of 2006–2009 at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to study the macro and micro-physical structures and the physical–chemical processes of dense fogs in the area. The observations included features of the fog boundary layer, characteristics of fog water, the particle spectrum, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols, radiation and heat components, turbulence, meteorological elements (air temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction), and environmental monitoring. The fogs observed were divided into four types: radiation fog, advection–radiation fog, advection fog, and precipitation fog, according to the mechanisms and primary factors of the fog processes. Fog boundary-layer structures of different types and their corresponding characteristics were then studied. Fog boundary-layer features, temperature structures, wind fields, and fog maintenance are discussed. The results show that radiation fog had remarkable diurnal variation and formed mostly at sunset or midnight, and lifted after sunrise or at noon, and that advection–radiation fog and advection fog were of very long duration. Extremely dense fogs occurred only in radiation-related cases. Inversion in radiation fog was short-lived, disappearing 1 or 2 hours after sunrise or at noon, faster than that in advection–radiation fog. When wind direction reversed from easterly to westerly or from southerly to northerly, the fog became an extremely dense fog. Low-level jet at times impeded fog development, whereas at other times it encouraged fog continuance. The deep inversion was merely an essential condition for a thick fog layer; sufficient vapor supply was advantageous to the formation and maintenance of a deep fog layer.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>SP Birkhäuser Verlag Basel</pub><doi>10.1007/s00024-011-0343-x</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Advection Air temperature Applied geophysics Boundaries Boundary layer Boundary layers Diurnal variations Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Earth, ocean, space Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics Environmental monitoring Exact sciences and technology Field study Fog Geophysics/Geodesy Humidity Internal geophysics Inversions Maintenance Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc Noon Wind direction Wind speed |
title | Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 1: Fog Boundary Layer |
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