Effects of carbon additives on the performance of negative electrode of lead-carbon battery

•The negative electrode sheets are prepared by simulating manufacture condition of negative plates.•The effect of carbon additives on negative electrode sheets is studied by electrochemical method.•Carbon additives in NAM enhance electrochemical properties of the negative sheets.•The negative sheets with 0.5 wt% carbon additive exhibit better electrochemical performance.•The charge-discharge mechanism is discussed in detail according to the experimental results. In this study, carbon additives such as activated carbon (AC) and carbon black (CB) are introduced to the negative electrode to improve its electrochemical performance, the negative electrode sheets are prepared by simulating the negative plate manufacturing process of lead-acid battery, the types and contents of carbon additives in the negative electrode sheets are investigated in detail for the application of lead-carbon battery. The electrochemical performance of negative electrode sheets are measured by chronopotentiometry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the crystal structure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the appropriate addition of AC or CB can enhance the discharge capacity and prolong the cycle life of negative electrode sheets under high-rate partial-state-of-charge conditions, AC additive exerts more obvious effect than CB additive, the optimum contents for the best electrochemical performance of the negative electrode sheets are determined as 0.5wt% for both AC and CB. The reaction mechanism of the electrochemical process is also discussed in this paper, the appropriate addition of AC or CB in negative electrode can promote the conversion of PbSO4 to Pb, suppress the sulfation of negative electrode sheets and reduce the electrochemical reaction resistance.