Periodization training from ancient precursors to structured block models

Periodization training is correctly considered to be one of the principal issues underlying the theory of athlete preparation. Its historical roots are associated with celebrated treatises by ancient philosophers, while its later conceptualization is closely connected with the formation of the underpinnings of contemporary coaching sciences. The present-day classic version of periodization training was initiated with publications in the early 20th century and reached its culmination with the appearance of Matveyev’s distinguished book, which is considered a landmark in training fundamentals. Further development of high-performance sport and the revelation of new facts, knowledge and technologies have affected later alternative versions of periodized training, some of which have been used by elite athletes in different sports with remarkable success. On the other hand, the appearance of alternative concepts, such as block periodization (BP), has aroused the interest of several researchers who have engaged in further studies. Since then a number of research projects have been conducted in various sports and their outcomes have demonstrated the benefits of BP models in enhancing metabolic, neuromuscular and sport-specific variables of athletic preparedness. The present review summarizes these elements, highlighting the contribution of the latest studies to the methodology of high-performance training.