Determination of sulfite with emphasis on biosensing methods: a review

Sulfite is used as a preservative in a variety of food and pharmaceutical industries to inhibit enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning and in brewing industries as an antibacterial and antioxidizing agent. Convenient and reproducible analytical methods employing sulfite oxidase are an attractive alternative to conventional detection methods. Sulfite biosensors are based on measurement of either O 2 or electrons generated from splitting of H 2 O 2 or heat released during oxidation of sulfite by immobilized sulfite oxidase. Sulfite biosensors can be grouped into 12 classes. They work optimally within 2 to 900 s, between pH 6.5 and 9.0, 25 and 40 °C, and in the range from 0 to 50,000 μM, with detection limit between 0.2 and 200 μM. Sulfite biosensors measure sulfite in food, beverages, and water and can be reused 100–300 times over a period of 1–240 days. The review presents the principles, merits, and demerits of various analytical methods for determination of sulfite, with special emphasis on sulfite biosensors.