Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares
Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mar...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Theriogenology 2015-03, Vol.83 (4), p.749-756 |
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| creator | Schönbom, Hanno Kassens, Ana Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte Klewitz, Jutta Piechotta, Marion Martinsson, Gunilla Kißler, Andreas Burger, Dominik Sieme, Harald |
| description | Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010 |
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We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.05), and in the heart rate variability parameter, ratio of low to high frequencies (P < 0.05). This reflects an activation of the HPA axis and a shift to more sympathetic dominance. In contrast, a transabdominally performed pregnancy check did not induce an activation of the HPA axis over basal level but increased the mean heart rate and low to high frequency ratio. The results of this study indicate that checks of advanced pregnancies can be easily performed by transabdominal ultrasonography. With regard to animal welfare, this technique should be preferred during midgestation in nonlactating mares.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0093-691X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-3231</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25529317</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Cortisol ; Female ; Heart Rate - physiology ; Horses - physiology ; Hydrocortisone - chemistry ; Hydrocortisone - metabolism ; Mare ; Pregnancy ; Saliva - chemistry ; Stress ; Transabdominal ultrasonography ; Transrectal ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography - methods ; Ultrasonography - veterinary</subject><ispartof>Theriogenology, 2015-03, Vol.83 (4), p.749-756</ispartof><rights>2015 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c456t-c5824d46184bc823dd33cdeb6b1967ca3db0b5d53662062d3a81e4f659c3b9ea3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c456t-c5824d46184bc823dd33cdeb6b1967ca3db0b5d53662062d3a81e4f659c3b9ea3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9658-8790 ; 0000-0002-9238-558X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25529317$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Schönbom, Hanno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kassens, Ana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klewitz, Jutta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piechotta, Marion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinsson, Gunilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kißler, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burger, Dominik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sieme, Harald</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares</title><title>Theriogenology</title><addtitle>Theriogenology</addtitle><description>Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.05), and in the heart rate variability parameter, ratio of low to high frequencies (P < 0.05). This reflects an activation of the HPA axis and a shift to more sympathetic dominance. In contrast, a transabdominally performed pregnancy check did not induce an activation of the HPA axis over basal level but increased the mean heart rate and low to high frequency ratio. The results of this study indicate that checks of advanced pregnancies can be easily performed by transabdominal ultrasonography. With regard to animal welfare, this technique should be preferred during midgestation in nonlactating mares.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Cortisol</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Horses - physiology</subject><subject>Hydrocortisone - chemistry</subject><subject>Hydrocortisone - metabolism</subject><subject>Mare</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Saliva - chemistry</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Transabdominal ultrasonography</subject><subject>Transrectal ultrasonography</subject><subject>Ultrasonography - methods</subject><subject>Ultrasonography - veterinary</subject><issn>0093-691X</issn><issn>1879-3231</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc9u1DAQxi0EotvCKyAfOHBogsdOvInEBVWUVqrEBSRulv9MWq-8cbGdin0DHhuHLSBuSJas-fzNjGd-hLwG1gID-XbXljtMPt7iHEO8PbScQdcCtAzYE7KBYTs2ggt4SjaMjaKRI3w9Iac57xhjQkp4Tk543_NRwHZDflzPU1hwtkjjREvSc05oiw5Uz-4Ya-Pi3s9VWkIVclzqC37Xq1Z8nGk9WQf_oNOB2piKzzGc0zvUqdCkC57_qvU3ptXptfHBlwP1M93rhPkFeTbpkPHl431Gvlx--Hxx1dx8-nh98f6msV0vS2P7gXeukzB0xg5cOCeEdWikgVFurRbOMNO7vg7KmeRO6AGwm2Q_WmFG1OKMvDnWvU_x24K5qL3PFkPQM8YlK5A978QWmKzWd0erTTHXtUzqPvn62YMCplYWaqf-ZaFWFgpAVRY1_dVjp8Xs0f1J_r38arg8GrDO--AxqWz9isL5lYFy0f9fp59hJKd4</recordid><startdate>20150301</startdate><enddate>20150301</enddate><creator>Schönbom, Hanno</creator><creator>Kassens, Ana</creator><creator>Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte</creator><creator>Klewitz, Jutta</creator><creator>Piechotta, Marion</creator><creator>Martinsson, Gunilla</creator><creator>Kißler, Andreas</creator><creator>Burger, Dominik</creator><creator>Sieme, Harald</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-8790</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-558X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20150301</creationdate><title>Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares</title><author>Schönbom, Hanno ; Kassens, Ana ; Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte ; Klewitz, Jutta ; Piechotta, Marion ; Martinsson, Gunilla ; Kißler, Andreas ; Burger, Dominik ; Sieme, Harald</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c456t-c5824d46184bc823dd33cdeb6b1967ca3db0b5d53662062d3a81e4f659c3b9ea3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Cortisol</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>Horses - physiology</topic><topic>Hydrocortisone - chemistry</topic><topic>Hydrocortisone - metabolism</topic><topic>Mare</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Saliva - chemistry</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Transabdominal ultrasonography</topic><topic>Transrectal ultrasonography</topic><topic>Ultrasonography - methods</topic><topic>Ultrasonography - veterinary</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Schönbom, Hanno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kassens, Ana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klewitz, Jutta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piechotta, Marion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinsson, Gunilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kißler, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burger, Dominik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sieme, Harald</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Theriogenology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Schönbom, Hanno</au><au>Kassens, Ana</au><au>Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte</au><au>Klewitz, Jutta</au><au>Piechotta, Marion</au><au>Martinsson, Gunilla</au><au>Kißler, Andreas</au><au>Burger, Dominik</au><au>Sieme, Harald</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares</atitle><jtitle>Theriogenology</jtitle><addtitle>Theriogenology</addtitle><date>2015-03-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>83</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>749</spage><epage>756</epage><pages>749-756</pages><issn>0093-691X</issn><eissn>1879-3231</eissn><abstract>Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.05), and in the heart rate variability parameter, ratio of low to high frequencies (P < 0.05). This reflects an activation of the HPA axis and a shift to more sympathetic dominance. In contrast, a transabdominally performed pregnancy check did not induce an activation of the HPA axis over basal level but increased the mean heart rate and low to high frequency ratio. The results of this study indicate that checks of advanced pregnancies can be easily performed by transabdominal ultrasonography. With regard to animal welfare, this technique should be preferred during midgestation in nonlactating mares.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>25529317</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-8790</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-558X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Cortisol Female Heart Rate - physiology Horses - physiology Hydrocortisone - chemistry Hydrocortisone - metabolism Mare Pregnancy Saliva - chemistry Stress Transabdominal ultrasonography Transrectal ultrasonography Ultrasonography - methods Ultrasonography - veterinary |
| title | Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares |
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