Treponema pallidum, Lipoproteins, and Synthetic Lipoprotein Analogues Induce Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gene Expression in Monocytes via NF-κB Activation

Syphilitic genital ulcers are cofactors for the bidirectional transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). U937 human promonocytic cells chronically infected with HIV-1 (U1 cells) or transiently transfected with wild type or mutant HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) reporter constructs were used...

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