Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Mammalian herbivores in boreal areas selectively browse on mature-stage growth rather than on juvenile-stage growth of conspecific plants during winter. Such stage-dependent selection often is mediated by levels of secondary metabolites that decline as plants mature. Little is known regarding the ex...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | The American midland naturalist 1998-04, Vol.139 (2), p.269-274 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 274 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 269 |
| container_title | The American midland naturalist |
| container_volume | 139 |
| creator | Swihart, Robert K Picone, Peter M |
| description | Mammalian herbivores in boreal areas selectively browse on mature-stage growth rather than on juvenile-stage growth of conspecific plants during winter. Such stage-dependent selection often is mediated by levels of secondary metabolites that decline as plants mature. Little is known regarding the extent to which this pattern is repeated for temperate-zone plants browsed by different mammalian species. We conducted field experiments in a temperate forest with free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to test whether selection of coniferous browse was influenced by a plant's maturational stage. Trials conducted during February 1990 in western Connecticut demonstrated that deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) collected from reproductively mature plants (mean = 72%) than from juvenile plants (mean = 16%). Trials with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) produced similar results: deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of shoots from mature trees (mean = 70%) than shoots from juvenile plants (mean = 21%). Chemical analyses revealed that crude protein levels were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in mature-stage eastern hemlock (8.2%) than in juvenile-stage growth (7.3%), but no differences existed between crude protein levels of the red cedar growth stages. Protein-precipitating phenolics were present at low levels but were 1.5 times more concentrated in mature-stage growth of eastern hemlock than in juvenile-stage growth (P < 0.05). Comparison of our results with previous research indicates that white-tailed deer exhibit stage-dependent selection of temperate plants similar to the patterns demonstrated by other species of mammals browsing on plants in boreal forests. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0269:SOMGSO]2.0.CO;2 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_16486679</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A20825501</galeid><jstor_id>2426684</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>A20825501</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-b558t-2fab414e077168ad995949eb39f2f8d0829b7e7602ec56248f4d519b7bdb67763</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqdkuFr1DAYxosoeE7_A4XgB7mBvSVpmibz0zy3c7BxYDf8IBLS9u0tR685k1S9_96UymCyTxJCSN5fHp43eZLkhOAF4QU7wRhnaZxkTqQUxyST3zDl8rRcX6_K9Xe6wIvl-gN9ksyIzETKaCaeJrP7W8-TF95v41YyyWbJoYQO6mBsj2yLrnUYHKCVs7_CHSqD3oAfz5e2Ny04O3j0MdY8INOjG9jtwekA6MI68MGj6oC-3pkAadCmgwZ9AnBovm5sbeM-Xv5p3Mb0RveDP36ZPGt15-HV3_Uoub04v1l-Tq_Wq8vl2VVa5bkIKW11xQgDXBSEC91ImUfnUGWypa1osKCyKqDgmEKdc8pEy5qcxLOqqXhR8OwoeTfp7p39MUSfamd8DV2ne4gNKcKZ4LyQEXz7D7i1g-ujN0UzJnMsJI7Q-wna6A6U6VsbnK430MeX6GwPbWxUndFoK88xiXj6CB5HAztTP8bPH_ARCfA7bPTgvbosvzxAVxNaO-u9g1btndlpd1AEqzEpavxzNf65GpOiYlLUmBQ1JUVRhdUyLlHp9aS09cG6exnKKOeCxfKbqdxqq_TGGa9uy6hY4EJIPho5n-qVsbGj_7bxB8hW2ls</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>234950890</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</title><source>Jstor Complete Legacy</source><source>BioOne Complete</source><creator>Swihart, Robert K ; Picone, Peter M</creator><creatorcontrib>Swihart, Robert K ; Picone, Peter M</creatorcontrib><description>Mammalian herbivores in boreal areas selectively browse on mature-stage growth rather than on juvenile-stage growth of conspecific plants during winter. Such stage-dependent selection often is mediated by levels of secondary metabolites that decline as plants mature. Little is known regarding the extent to which this pattern is repeated for temperate-zone plants browsed by different mammalian species. We conducted field experiments in a temperate forest with free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to test whether selection of coniferous browse was influenced by a plant's maturational stage. Trials conducted during February 1990 in western Connecticut demonstrated that deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) collected from reproductively mature plants (mean = 72%) than from juvenile plants (mean = 16%). Trials with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) produced similar results: deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of shoots from mature trees (mean = 70%) than shoots from juvenile plants (mean = 21%). Chemical analyses revealed that crude protein levels were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in mature-stage eastern hemlock (8.2%) than in juvenile-stage growth (7.3%), but no differences existed between crude protein levels of the red cedar growth stages. Protein-precipitating phenolics were present at low levels but were 1.5 times more concentrated in mature-stage growth of eastern hemlock than in juvenile-stage growth (P < 0.05). Comparison of our results with previous research indicates that white-tailed deer exhibit stage-dependent selection of temperate plants similar to the patterns demonstrated by other species of mammals browsing on plants in boreal forests.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-0031</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-4238</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0269:SOMGSO]2.0.CO;2</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AMNAAF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame</publisher><subject>BOREAL FORESTS ; BOSQUE BOREAL ; BOSQUE TEMPLADO ; Browse ; BROWSE PLANTS ; Browsing ; CONNECTICUT ; Contents ; Deer ; FEEDING PREFERENCES ; Flowers & plants ; Food and nutrition ; Forests ; FORET BOREALE ; FORET TEMPEREE ; Hares ; Herbivores ; MADUREZ ; Mammals ; MATURITE ; MATURITY ; MATURITY STAGE ; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS ; Plant growth ; PLANTAS DE RAMONEO ; PLANTE D'ABROUTISSEMENT ; Plants ; PREFERENCE ALIMENTAIRE ; PREFERENCIAS ALIMENTARIAS ; TEMPERATE FORESTS ; White-tailed deer ; Young animals</subject><ispartof>The American midland naturalist, 1998-04, Vol.139 (2), p.269-274</ispartof><rights>University of Notre Dame</rights><rights>Copyright 1998 American Midland Naturalist</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1998 University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences</rights><rights>Copyright American Midland Naturalist Apr 1998</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b558t-2fab414e077168ad995949eb39f2f8d0829b7e7602ec56248f4d519b7bdb67763</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b558t-2fab414e077168ad995949eb39f2f8d0829b7e7602ec56248f4d519b7bdb67763</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0269:SOMGSO]2.0.CO;2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbioone$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2426684$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,26955,27901,27902,52338,57992,58225</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Swihart, Robert K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Picone, Peter M</creatorcontrib><title>Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</title><title>The American midland naturalist</title><description>Mammalian herbivores in boreal areas selectively browse on mature-stage growth rather than on juvenile-stage growth of conspecific plants during winter. Such stage-dependent selection often is mediated by levels of secondary metabolites that decline as plants mature. Little is known regarding the extent to which this pattern is repeated for temperate-zone plants browsed by different mammalian species. We conducted field experiments in a temperate forest with free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to test whether selection of coniferous browse was influenced by a plant's maturational stage. Trials conducted during February 1990 in western Connecticut demonstrated that deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) collected from reproductively mature plants (mean = 72%) than from juvenile plants (mean = 16%). Trials with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) produced similar results: deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of shoots from mature trees (mean = 70%) than shoots from juvenile plants (mean = 21%). Chemical analyses revealed that crude protein levels were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in mature-stage eastern hemlock (8.2%) than in juvenile-stage growth (7.3%), but no differences existed between crude protein levels of the red cedar growth stages. Protein-precipitating phenolics were present at low levels but were 1.5 times more concentrated in mature-stage growth of eastern hemlock than in juvenile-stage growth (P < 0.05). Comparison of our results with previous research indicates that white-tailed deer exhibit stage-dependent selection of temperate plants similar to the patterns demonstrated by other species of mammals browsing on plants in boreal forests.</description><subject>BOREAL FORESTS</subject><subject>BOSQUE BOREAL</subject><subject>BOSQUE TEMPLADO</subject><subject>Browse</subject><subject>BROWSE PLANTS</subject><subject>Browsing</subject><subject>CONNECTICUT</subject><subject>Contents</subject><subject>Deer</subject><subject>FEEDING PREFERENCES</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Food and nutrition</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>FORET BOREALE</subject><subject>FORET TEMPEREE</subject><subject>Hares</subject><subject>Herbivores</subject><subject>MADUREZ</subject><subject>Mammals</subject><subject>MATURITE</subject><subject>MATURITY</subject><subject>MATURITY STAGE</subject><subject>ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>PLANTAS DE RAMONEO</subject><subject>PLANTE D'ABROUTISSEMENT</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>PREFERENCE ALIMENTAIRE</subject><subject>PREFERENCIAS ALIMENTARIAS</subject><subject>TEMPERATE FORESTS</subject><subject>White-tailed deer</subject><subject>Young animals</subject><issn>0003-0031</issn><issn>1938-4238</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1998</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqdkuFr1DAYxosoeE7_A4XgB7mBvSVpmibz0zy3c7BxYDf8IBLS9u0tR685k1S9_96UymCyTxJCSN5fHp43eZLkhOAF4QU7wRhnaZxkTqQUxyST3zDl8rRcX6_K9Xe6wIvl-gN9ksyIzETKaCaeJrP7W8-TF95v41YyyWbJoYQO6mBsj2yLrnUYHKCVs7_CHSqD3oAfz5e2Ny04O3j0MdY8INOjG9jtwekA6MI68MGj6oC-3pkAadCmgwZ9AnBovm5sbeM-Xv5p3Mb0RveDP36ZPGt15-HV3_Uoub04v1l-Tq_Wq8vl2VVa5bkIKW11xQgDXBSEC91ImUfnUGWypa1osKCyKqDgmEKdc8pEy5qcxLOqqXhR8OwoeTfp7p39MUSfamd8DV2ne4gNKcKZ4LyQEXz7D7i1g-ujN0UzJnMsJI7Q-wna6A6U6VsbnK430MeX6GwPbWxUndFoK88xiXj6CB5HAztTP8bPH_ARCfA7bPTgvbosvzxAVxNaO-u9g1btndlpd1AEqzEpavxzNf65GpOiYlLUmBQ1JUVRhdUyLlHp9aS09cG6exnKKOeCxfKbqdxqq_TGGa9uy6hY4EJIPho5n-qVsbGj_7bxB8hW2ls</recordid><startdate>19980401</startdate><enddate>19980401</enddate><creator>Swihart, Robert K</creator><creator>Picone, Peter M</creator><general>University of Notre Dame</general><general>University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences</general><general>American Midland Naturalist</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PADUT</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19980401</creationdate><title>Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</title><author>Swihart, Robert K ; Picone, Peter M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b558t-2fab414e077168ad995949eb39f2f8d0829b7e7602ec56248f4d519b7bdb67763</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1998</creationdate><topic>BOREAL FORESTS</topic><topic>BOSQUE BOREAL</topic><topic>BOSQUE TEMPLADO</topic><topic>Browse</topic><topic>BROWSE PLANTS</topic><topic>Browsing</topic><topic>CONNECTICUT</topic><topic>Contents</topic><topic>Deer</topic><topic>FEEDING PREFERENCES</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Food and nutrition</topic><topic>Forests</topic><topic>FORET BOREALE</topic><topic>FORET TEMPEREE</topic><topic>Hares</topic><topic>Herbivores</topic><topic>MADUREZ</topic><topic>Mammals</topic><topic>MATURITE</topic><topic>MATURITY</topic><topic>MATURITY STAGE</topic><topic>ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>PLANTAS DE RAMONEO</topic><topic>PLANTE D'ABROUTISSEMENT</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>PREFERENCE ALIMENTAIRE</topic><topic>PREFERENCIAS ALIMENTARIAS</topic><topic>TEMPERATE FORESTS</topic><topic>White-tailed deer</topic><topic>Young animals</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Swihart, Robert K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Picone, Peter M</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Research Library China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>The American midland naturalist</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Swihart, Robert K</au><au>Picone, Peter M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</atitle><jtitle>The American midland naturalist</jtitle><date>1998-04-01</date><risdate>1998</risdate><volume>139</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>269</spage><epage>274</epage><pages>269-274</pages><issn>0003-0031</issn><eissn>1938-4238</eissn><coden>AMNAAF</coden><abstract>Mammalian herbivores in boreal areas selectively browse on mature-stage growth rather than on juvenile-stage growth of conspecific plants during winter. Such stage-dependent selection often is mediated by levels of secondary metabolites that decline as plants mature. Little is known regarding the extent to which this pattern is repeated for temperate-zone plants browsed by different mammalian species. We conducted field experiments in a temperate forest with free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to test whether selection of coniferous browse was influenced by a plant's maturational stage. Trials conducted during February 1990 in western Connecticut demonstrated that deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) collected from reproductively mature plants (mean = 72%) than from juvenile plants (mean = 16%). Trials with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) produced similar results: deer browsed a significantly greater percentage of shoots from mature trees (mean = 70%) than shoots from juvenile plants (mean = 21%). Chemical analyses revealed that crude protein levels were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in mature-stage eastern hemlock (8.2%) than in juvenile-stage growth (7.3%), but no differences existed between crude protein levels of the red cedar growth stages. Protein-precipitating phenolics were present at low levels but were 1.5 times more concentrated in mature-stage growth of eastern hemlock than in juvenile-stage growth (P < 0.05). Comparison of our results with previous research indicates that white-tailed deer exhibit stage-dependent selection of temperate plants similar to the patterns demonstrated by other species of mammals browsing on plants in boreal forests.</abstract><cop>Notre Dame</cop><pub>University of Notre Dame</pub><doi>10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0269:SOMGSO]2.0.CO;2</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0003-0031 |
| ispartof | The American midland naturalist, 1998-04, Vol.139 (2), p.269-274 |
| issn | 0003-0031 1938-4238 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_16486679 |
| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; BioOne Complete |
| subjects | BOREAL FORESTS BOSQUE BOREAL BOSQUE TEMPLADO Browse BROWSE PLANTS Browsing CONNECTICUT Contents Deer FEEDING PREFERENCES Flowers & plants Food and nutrition Forests FORET BOREALE FORET TEMPEREE Hares Herbivores MADUREZ Mammals MATURITE MATURITY MATURITY STAGE ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS Plant growth PLANTAS DE RAMONEO PLANTE D'ABROUTISSEMENT Plants PREFERENCE ALIMENTAIRE PREFERENCIAS ALIMENTARIAS TEMPERATE FORESTS White-tailed deer Young animals |
| title | Selection of Mature Growth Stages of Coniferous Browse in Temperate Forests by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-04T21%3A31%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Selection%20of%20Mature%20Growth%20Stages%20of%20Coniferous%20Browse%20in%20Temperate%20Forests%20by%20White-tailed%20Deer%20(Odocoileus%20virginianus)&rft.jtitle=The%20American%20midland%20naturalist&rft.au=Swihart,%20Robert%20K&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=269&rft.epage=274&rft.pages=269-274&rft.issn=0003-0031&rft.eissn=1938-4238&rft.coden=AMNAAF&rft_id=info:doi/10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139%5B0269:SOMGSO%5D2.0.CO;2&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA20825501%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=234950890&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A20825501&rft_jstor_id=2426684&rfr_iscdi=true |