Toxicity of new generation flame retardants to Daphnia magna
There is a tendency to substitute frequently used, but relatively hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Consequently, information on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of these HFFRs is urgently needed, but large data gaps and incon...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Science of the total environment 2013-10, Vol.463-464, p.1042-1048 |
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| creator | Waaijers, Susanne L. Hartmann, Julia Soeter, A. Marieke Helmus, Rick Kools, Stefan A.E. de Voogt, Pim Admiraal, Wim Parsons, John R. Kraak, Michiel H.S. |
| description | There is a tendency to substitute frequently used, but relatively hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Consequently, information on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of these HFFRs is urgently needed, but large data gaps and inconsistencies exist. Therefore, in the present study the toxicity of a wide range of HFFRs to the water flea Daphnia magna was investigated. Our results revealed that four HFFRs were showing no effect at their Sw (saturated water concentration) and three had a low toxicity (EC50>10mgL−1), suggesting that these compounds are not hazardous. Antimony trioxide had a moderate toxicity (EC50=3.01mgL−1, 95% CL: 2.76–3.25) and triphenyl phosphate and the brominated reference compound tetra bromobisphenol A were highly toxic to D. magna (EC50=0.55mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.53–0.55 and EC50=0.60mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.24–0.97 respectively). Aluminum trihydroxide and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) caused limited mortality at Sw (26 and 25% respectively) and have a low solubility ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.110 |
| format | Article |
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[Display omitted]
•Ecotoxicity of many halogen-free flame retardants is unknown.•Missing toxicity data of HFFRs were provided and inconsistencies were clarified.•Seven tested HFFRs were not acutely toxic to Daphnia magna.•TPP and the reference compound TBBPA were highly toxic to Daphnia magna.•Best candidates for BFR replacements are: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS & ZS.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-9697</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.110</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23886749</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antimony - toxicity ; Benzhydryl Compounds - toxicity ; Brominated flame retardants ; Daphnia - drug effects ; Daphnia magna ; Flame Retardants - toxicity ; Freshwater ; Halogen-free flame retardants ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Organophosphates - toxicity ; PBT properties ; Phenols - toxicity ; Polybrominated Biphenyls - toxicity ; Toxicity ; Toxicity Tests, Acute - methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><ispartof>The Science of the total environment, 2013-10, Vol.463-464, p.1042-1048</ispartof><rights>2013 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c536t-7805c1231474cfb1e9c73bbf9f61eefbbcbca7d8e317bc637905e01b17a48a283</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c536t-7805c1231474cfb1e9c73bbf9f61eefbbcbca7d8e317bc637905e01b17a48a283</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.110$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3548,27922,27923,45993</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23886749$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Waaijers, Susanne L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hartmann, Julia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soeter, A. Marieke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Helmus, Rick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kools, Stefan A.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Voogt, Pim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Admiraal, Wim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parsons, John R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kraak, Michiel H.S.</creatorcontrib><title>Toxicity of new generation flame retardants to Daphnia magna</title><title>The Science of the total environment</title><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><description>There is a tendency to substitute frequently used, but relatively hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Consequently, information on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of these HFFRs is urgently needed, but large data gaps and inconsistencies exist. Therefore, in the present study the toxicity of a wide range of HFFRs to the water flea Daphnia magna was investigated. Our results revealed that four HFFRs were showing no effect at their Sw (saturated water concentration) and three had a low toxicity (EC50>10mgL−1), suggesting that these compounds are not hazardous. Antimony trioxide had a moderate toxicity (EC50=3.01mgL−1, 95% CL: 2.76–3.25) and triphenyl phosphate and the brominated reference compound tetra bromobisphenol A were highly toxic to D. magna (EC50=0.55mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.53–0.55 and EC50=0.60mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.24–0.97 respectively). Aluminum trihydroxide and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) caused limited mortality at Sw (26 and 25% respectively) and have a low solubility (<10mgL−1). Hence, increased toxicity of these compounds may be observed when for instance decreasing pH could increase solubility. By testing all compounds under identical conditions we provided missing insights in the environmental hazards of new generation flame retardants and propose as best candidates for BFR replacements: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS and ZS.
[Display omitted]
•Ecotoxicity of many halogen-free flame retardants is unknown.•Missing toxicity data of HFFRs were provided and inconsistencies were clarified.•Seven tested HFFRs were not acutely toxic to Daphnia magna.•TPP and the reference compound TBBPA were highly toxic to Daphnia magna.•Best candidates for BFR replacements are: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS & ZS.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antimony - toxicity</subject><subject>Benzhydryl Compounds - toxicity</subject><subject>Brominated flame retardants</subject><subject>Daphnia - drug effects</subject><subject>Daphnia magna</subject><subject>Flame Retardants - toxicity</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Halogen-free flame retardants</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Organophosphates - toxicity</subject><subject>PBT properties</subject><subject>Phenols - toxicity</subject><subject>Polybrominated Biphenyls - toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicity Tests, Acute - methods</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU1P3DAQhq2qqGyhf6HNsZekM3HWdqReEP2UkLjA2bKdCfVqY29tL5R_X6-Wci1zmcsz70jvw9gHhA4BxadNl50vsVC473pA3oHoEOEVW6GSY4vQi9dsBTCodhSjPGVvc95AHanwDTvtuVJCDuOKfb6Jf3yNemzi3AR6aO4oUDLFx9DMW7NQk6iYNJlQclNi88XsfgVvmsXcBXPOTmazzfTuaZ-x229fby5_tFfX339eXly1bs1FaaWCtcOe4yAHN1uk0Ulu7TzOAolma511Rk6KOErrBJcjrAnQojSDMr3iZ-zjMXeX4u895aIXnx1ttyZQ3GeNYpBQawDxErTvcajzArSXtTwOY0XlEXUp5pxo1rvkF5MeNYI-CNEb_SxEH4RoELoKqZfvn57s7ULT890_AxW4OAJUC7z3lA5BFBxNPpEreor-v0_-Am8Fn9g</recordid><startdate>20131001</startdate><enddate>20131001</enddate><creator>Waaijers, Susanne L.</creator><creator>Hartmann, Julia</creator><creator>Soeter, A. 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Marieke</au><au>Helmus, Rick</au><au>Kools, Stefan A.E.</au><au>de Voogt, Pim</au><au>Admiraal, Wim</au><au>Parsons, John R.</au><au>Kraak, Michiel H.S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Toxicity of new generation flame retardants to Daphnia magna</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><date>2013-10-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>463-464</volume><spage>1042</spage><epage>1048</epage><pages>1042-1048</pages><issn>0048-9697</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>There is a tendency to substitute frequently used, but relatively hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs). Consequently, information on the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) of these HFFRs is urgently needed, but large data gaps and inconsistencies exist. Therefore, in the present study the toxicity of a wide range of HFFRs to the water flea Daphnia magna was investigated. Our results revealed that four HFFRs were showing no effect at their Sw (saturated water concentration) and three had a low toxicity (EC50>10mgL−1), suggesting that these compounds are not hazardous. Antimony trioxide had a moderate toxicity (EC50=3.01mgL−1, 95% CL: 2.76–3.25) and triphenyl phosphate and the brominated reference compound tetra bromobisphenol A were highly toxic to D. magna (EC50=0.55mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.53–0.55 and EC50=0.60mgL−1, 95% CL: 0.24–0.97 respectively). Aluminum trihydroxide and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) caused limited mortality at Sw (26 and 25% respectively) and have a low solubility (<10mgL−1). Hence, increased toxicity of these compounds may be observed when for instance decreasing pH could increase solubility. By testing all compounds under identical conditions we provided missing insights in the environmental hazards of new generation flame retardants and propose as best candidates for BFR replacements: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS and ZS.
[Display omitted]
•Ecotoxicity of many halogen-free flame retardants is unknown.•Missing toxicity data of HFFRs were provided and inconsistencies were clarified.•Seven tested HFFRs were not acutely toxic to Daphnia magna.•TPP and the reference compound TBBPA were highly toxic to Daphnia magna.•Best candidates for BFR replacements are: APP, ALPI, DOPO, MHO, MPP, ZHS & ZS.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>23886749</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.110</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; ScienceDirect Journals (5 years ago - present) |
| subjects | Animals Antimony - toxicity Benzhydryl Compounds - toxicity Brominated flame retardants Daphnia - drug effects Daphnia magna Flame Retardants - toxicity Freshwater Halogen-free flame retardants Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Organophosphates - toxicity PBT properties Phenols - toxicity Polybrominated Biphenyls - toxicity Toxicity Toxicity Tests, Acute - methods Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity |
| title | Toxicity of new generation flame retardants to Daphnia magna |
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