Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection
Physicochemical treatment efficiency for unrestricted urban water reuse was evaluated at a conventional activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2014-09, Vol.12 (3), p.465-473 |
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| creator | de Lima Isaac, Ricardo Dos Santos, Luciana Urbano Tosetto, Mariana S Franco, Regina Maura Bueno Guimarães, José Roberto |
| description | Physicochemical treatment efficiency for unrestricted urban water reuse was evaluated at a conventional activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm⁻²). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L⁻¹ and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L⁻¹). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O₂ L⁻¹, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2014.221 |
| format | Article |
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Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm⁻²). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L⁻¹ and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L⁻¹). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O₂ L⁻¹, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.221</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25252350</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Activated sludge ; Alum ; Aluminium ; Aluminum ; Aluminum sulfate ; Animals ; Bacteria - isolation & purification ; Bacteria - radiation effects ; Brazil ; Coagulation ; Coliforms ; Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification ; Cryptosporidium - radiation effects ; Disinfection ; Disinfection - instrumentation ; Disinfection - methods ; Disinfection - standards ; Dosage ; E coli ; Efficiency ; Eggs ; Environmental protection ; Escherichia coli ; Filtrate ; Filtration ; Flocculation ; Giardia ; Giardia - isolation & purification ; Giardia - radiation effects ; Helminths - growth & development ; Helminths - isolation & purification ; Helminths - radiation effects ; Microorganisms ; Oocysts - radiation effects ; Ovum - radiation effects ; Pathogens ; pH effects ; Physicochemical treatment ; Pilot Projects ; Protozoa ; Public health ; Removal ; Sludge ; Sulfates ; Suspended particulate matter ; Suspended solids ; Turbidity ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water purification ; Water Purification - instrumentation ; Water Purification - methods ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Water treatment plants</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2014-09, Vol.12 (3), p.465-473</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Sep 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-db8e947847e1e49744c3bb4b3e7b8a5e1b26828e86e337b6210a0b1f56c445b33</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27928,27929</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25252350$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>de Lima Isaac, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dos Santos, Luciana Urbano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tosetto, Mariana S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Franco, Regina Maura Bueno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guimarães, José Roberto</creatorcontrib><title>Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>Physicochemical treatment efficiency for unrestricted urban water reuse was evaluated at a conventional activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm⁻²). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L⁻¹ and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L⁻¹). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O₂ L⁻¹, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse.</description><subject>Activated sludge</subject><subject>Alum</subject><subject>Aluminium</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Aluminum sulfate</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacteria - radiation effects</subject><subject>Brazil</subject><subject>Coagulation</subject><subject>Coliforms</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - radiation effects</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Disinfection - instrumentation</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>Disinfection - standards</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Filtrate</subject><subject>Filtration</subject><subject>Flocculation</subject><subject>Giardia</subject><subject>Giardia - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Giardia - radiation effects</subject><subject>Helminths - growth & development</subject><subject>Helminths - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Helminths - radiation effects</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Oocysts - radiation effects</subject><subject>Ovum - radiation effects</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Physicochemical treatment</subject><subject>Pilot Projects</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Removal</subject><subject>Sludge</subject><subject>Sulfates</subject><subject>Suspended particulate matter</subject><subject>Suspended solids</subject><subject>Turbidity</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Ultraviolet Rays</subject><subject>Wastewater</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment plants</subject><subject>Water purification</subject><subject>Water Purification - instrumentation</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water reuse</subject><subject>Water treatment plants</subject><issn>1477-8920</issn><issn>1996-7829</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0TtLBDEQB_Agiu_KXgI2guyZ1yZZOzl8gWCjdUz2Zr3I3uZMsh5-e3P4KGxsMgn5MTDzR-iIkgmjUp6v5hNGqJgwRjfQLm0aWSnNms1yF0pVumFkB-2l9EoIk6xm22innDXjNdlFz0_R2QGvbIaII4wJLvDCtzE4b3u8tHkeXmBIuA1DjqHH7gPPfIQ24873Odrsw4DtMMPj-vXuQw-5iOSHrqDyeYC2OtsnOPyu--jp-upxelvdP9zcTS_vq5ZrlauZ09AIpYUCCqJRQrTcOeE4KKdtDdQxqZkGLYFz5SSjxBJHu1q2QtSO8310-tV3GcPbCCmbhU8t9L0dIIzJUCkUoVoI8T-tpRSEKSULPflDX8MYhzKIoY3glBDF1ursS5W9pRShM8voFzZ-GErMOiOzmpt1RqZkVPTxd8_RLWD2a39C4Z_oHIwA</recordid><startdate>201409</startdate><enddate>201409</enddate><creator>de Lima Isaac, Ricardo</creator><creator>Dos Santos, Luciana Urbano</creator><creator>Tosetto, Mariana S</creator><creator>Franco, Regina Maura Bueno</creator><creator>Guimarães, José Roberto</creator><general>IWA Publishing</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201409</creationdate><title>Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection</title><author>de Lima Isaac, Ricardo ; Dos Santos, Luciana Urbano ; Tosetto, Mariana S ; Franco, Regina Maura Bueno ; Guimarães, José Roberto</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-db8e947847e1e49744c3bb4b3e7b8a5e1b26828e86e337b6210a0b1f56c445b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Activated sludge</topic><topic>Alum</topic><topic>Aluminium</topic><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Aluminum sulfate</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Bacteria - radiation effects</topic><topic>Brazil</topic><topic>Coagulation</topic><topic>Coliforms</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - radiation effects</topic><topic>Disinfection</topic><topic>Disinfection - instrumentation</topic><topic>Disinfection - methods</topic><topic>Disinfection - standards</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Efficiency</topic><topic>Eggs</topic><topic>Environmental protection</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Filtrate</topic><topic>Filtration</topic><topic>Flocculation</topic><topic>Giardia</topic><topic>Giardia - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Giardia - radiation effects</topic><topic>Helminths - growth & development</topic><topic>Helminths - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Helminths - radiation effects</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Oocysts - radiation effects</topic><topic>Ovum - radiation effects</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Physicochemical treatment</topic><topic>Pilot Projects</topic><topic>Protozoa</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Removal</topic><topic>Sludge</topic><topic>Sulfates</topic><topic>Suspended particulate matter</topic><topic>Suspended solids</topic><topic>Turbidity</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>Ultraviolet Rays</topic><topic>Wastewater</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment plants</topic><topic>Water purification</topic><topic>Water Purification - 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Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm⁻²). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L⁻¹ and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L⁻¹). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O₂ L⁻¹, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>25252350</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2014.221</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1477-8920 |
| ispartof | Journal of water and health, 2014-09, Vol.12 (3), p.465-473 |
| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Activated sludge Alum Aluminium Aluminum Aluminum sulfate Animals Bacteria - isolation & purification Bacteria - radiation effects Brazil Coagulation Coliforms Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification Cryptosporidium - radiation effects Disinfection Disinfection - instrumentation Disinfection - methods Disinfection - standards Dosage E coli Efficiency Eggs Environmental protection Escherichia coli Filtrate Filtration Flocculation Giardia Giardia - isolation & purification Giardia - radiation effects Helminths - growth & development Helminths - isolation & purification Helminths - radiation effects Microorganisms Oocysts - radiation effects Ovum - radiation effects Pathogens pH effects Physicochemical treatment Pilot Projects Protozoa Public health Removal Sludge Sulfates Suspended particulate matter Suspended solids Turbidity Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet Rays Wastewater Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment plants Water purification Water Purification - instrumentation Water Purification - methods Water quality Water reuse Water treatment plants |
| title | Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection |
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