Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
The occurrences of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been reported in several countries of the world except from African countries. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the occurrence of nine antibiotics, five antipyretics, atenolol,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental monitoring and assessment 2014-11, Vol.186 (11), p.7273-7291 |
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| description | The occurrences of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been reported in several countries of the world except from African countries. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the occurrence of nine antibiotics, five antipyretics, atenolol, bezafibrate, and caffeine in wastewater and surface water samples from the Umgeni River. The water samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and C-18 cartridges for the acidic and neutral drugs, respectively. The quantification was carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) using the standard addition method. The method limits of detections were in the range of 0.14–0.97 μg/L while the recoveries were between 53.8 and 108.1 %. The wastewater had 100 % occurrence of the analytes studied, with caffeine having the highest concentration at 61 ± 5 μg/L and nalidixic acid being the most observed antibiotic at 31 ± 3 μg/L. The waste treatment process reduced the influent concentrations by 43.0–94.2 % before discharge except for atenolol removal that is lower. The concentrations of the analytes were lower in the surface water with most compounds having concentrations below 10 μg/L except acetaminophen and atenolol. The estuary mouth and Blue Lagoon had the highest concentrations of some of the compounds in surface water which depict downstream load. The factors governing the fate and mobility of these compounds in this environment are not fully understood yet and will require further studies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z |
| format | Article |
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This study was therefore conducted to investigate the occurrence of nine antibiotics, five antipyretics, atenolol, bezafibrate, and caffeine in wastewater and surface water samples from the Umgeni River. The water samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and C-18 cartridges for the acidic and neutral drugs, respectively. The quantification was carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) using the standard addition method. The method limits of detections were in the range of 0.14–0.97 μg/L while the recoveries were between 53.8 and 108.1 %. The wastewater had 100 % occurrence of the analytes studied, with caffeine having the highest concentration at 61 ± 5 μg/L and nalidixic acid being the most observed antibiotic at 31 ± 3 μg/L. The waste treatment process reduced the influent concentrations by 43.0–94.2 % before discharge except for atenolol removal that is lower. The concentrations of the analytes were lower in the surface water with most compounds having concentrations below 10 μg/L except acetaminophen and atenolol. The estuary mouth and Blue Lagoon had the highest concentrations of some of the compounds in surface water which depict downstream load. The factors governing the fate and mobility of these compounds in this environment are not fully understood yet and will require further studies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0167-6369</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2959</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25027777</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>acetaminophen ; Antibiotics ; antipyretics ; Arrays ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Caffeine ; Chemical wastewater ; Chromatography ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Consumer products ; Contaminants ; Drug resistance ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecology ; Ecotoxicology ; Effluents ; Environment ; Environmental Management ; Environmental Monitoring ; Estuaries ; Extraction processes ; Lagoons ; Liquid chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis ; nalidixic acid ; Organic contaminants ; personal care products ; Personal grooming ; Pharmaceutical Preparations - analysis ; Pharmaceuticals ; river water ; Rivers ; Rivers - chemistry ; Scientific imaging ; Solid Phase Extraction ; South Africa ; Studies ; Surface water ; Waste treatment ; Waste water ; Waste Water - chemistry ; Waste Water - statistics & numerical data ; wastewater ; Water analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water pollution ; Water sampling ; Water supply ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2014-11, Vol.186 (11), p.7273-7291</ispartof><rights>Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-a4d220063428f31bc9e0a7464e8ff20a8a641b8108e39d1f5bb30436cb562393</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-a4d220063428f31bc9e0a7464e8ff20a8a641b8108e39d1f5bb30436cb562393</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25027777$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Agunbiade, Foluso O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moodley, Brenda</creatorcontrib><title>Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</title><title>Environmental monitoring and assessment</title><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><description>The occurrences of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been reported in several countries of the world except from African countries. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the occurrence of nine antibiotics, five antipyretics, atenolol, bezafibrate, and caffeine in wastewater and surface water samples from the Umgeni River. The water samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and C-18 cartridges for the acidic and neutral drugs, respectively. The quantification was carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) using the standard addition method. The method limits of detections were in the range of 0.14–0.97 μg/L while the recoveries were between 53.8 and 108.1 %. The wastewater had 100 % occurrence of the analytes studied, with caffeine having the highest concentration at 61 ± 5 μg/L and nalidixic acid being the most observed antibiotic at 31 ± 3 μg/L. The waste treatment process reduced the influent concentrations by 43.0–94.2 % before discharge except for atenolol removal that is lower. The concentrations of the analytes were lower in the surface water with most compounds having concentrations below 10 μg/L except acetaminophen and atenolol. The estuary mouth and Blue Lagoon had the highest concentrations of some of the compounds in surface water which depict downstream load. The factors governing the fate and mobility of these compounds in this environment are not fully understood yet and will require further studies.</description><subject>acetaminophen</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>antipyretics</subject><subject>Arrays</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Caffeine</subject><subject>Chemical wastewater</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>Consumer products</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Effluents</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Estuaries</subject><subject>Extraction processes</subject><subject>Lagoons</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</subject><subject>nalidixic acid</subject><subject>Organic contaminants</subject><subject>personal care products</subject><subject>Personal grooming</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical Preparations - analysis</subject><subject>Pharmaceuticals</subject><subject>river water</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Rivers - chemistry</subject><subject>Scientific imaging</subject><subject>Solid Phase Extraction</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Waste treatment</subject><subject>Waste water</subject><subject>Waste Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Waste Water - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>wastewater</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><subject>Water treatment</subject><issn>0167-6369</issn><issn>1573-2959</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1u1TAQhS0EopfCA7ABS2xYNDBjO068rCr-RAWIths21iTXSX2VOMVOqNqnx1cpCLFAWJZn4e-c0cxh7CnCKwSoXicErbEAVIU0Qhe399gGy0oWwpTmPtsA6qrQUpsD9iilHQCYSpmH7ECUIKp8Nmz35ZLiSK1bZt_SkDgl7kYXex96PsWegm95O4WZRh8ozIn7wC_G3gXPv_ofLvJrmvObbtLsxiP-8Zq-LcNSfKKZhiN-Ni3zJT_uYjZ_zB50uYN7clcP2fnbN-cn74vTz-8-nByfFq3SYi5IbYUA0FKJupPYtMYBVUorV3edAKpJK2xqhNpJs8WubBoJSuq2KbWQRh6yl6vtVZy-Ly7NdvSpdcNAwU1LsqiVkBKNqP4DxXxVWWNGX_yF7qYlhjyHxVJrY7CSIlO4Um2cUoqus1fRjxRvLILdR2bXyGyOzO4js7dZ8-zOeWlGt_2t-JVRBsQKpPwVehf_aP0P1-erqKPJUh99shdnArCE_Wp1reVPd8-psg</recordid><startdate>20141101</startdate><enddate>20141101</enddate><creator>Agunbiade, Foluso O</creator><creator>Moodley, Brenda</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7SU</scope><scope>KR7</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141101</creationdate><title>Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</title><author>Agunbiade, Foluso O ; Moodley, Brenda</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-a4d220063428f31bc9e0a7464e8ff20a8a641b8108e39d1f5bb30436cb562393</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>acetaminophen</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>antipyretics</topic><topic>Arrays</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Caffeine</topic><topic>Chemical wastewater</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</topic><topic>Consumer products</topic><topic>Contaminants</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Effluents</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Management</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Estuaries</topic><topic>Extraction processes</topic><topic>Lagoons</topic><topic>Liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</topic><topic>nalidixic acid</topic><topic>Organic contaminants</topic><topic>personal care products</topic><topic>Personal grooming</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical Preparations - 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This study was therefore conducted to investigate the occurrence of nine antibiotics, five antipyretics, atenolol, bezafibrate, and caffeine in wastewater and surface water samples from the Umgeni River. The water samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and C-18 cartridges for the acidic and neutral drugs, respectively. The quantification was carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) using the standard addition method. The method limits of detections were in the range of 0.14–0.97 μg/L while the recoveries were between 53.8 and 108.1 %. The wastewater had 100 % occurrence of the analytes studied, with caffeine having the highest concentration at 61 ± 5 μg/L and nalidixic acid being the most observed antibiotic at 31 ± 3 μg/L. The waste treatment process reduced the influent concentrations by 43.0–94.2 % before discharge except for atenolol removal that is lower. The concentrations of the analytes were lower in the surface water with most compounds having concentrations below 10 μg/L except acetaminophen and atenolol. The estuary mouth and Blue Lagoon had the highest concentrations of some of the compounds in surface water which depict downstream load. The factors governing the fate and mobility of these compounds in this environment are not fully understood yet and will require further studies.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>25027777</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z</doi><tpages>19</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | acetaminophen Antibiotics antipyretics Arrays Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Caffeine Chemical wastewater Chromatography Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Consumer products Contaminants Drug resistance Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Ecotoxicology Effluents Environment Environmental Management Environmental Monitoring Estuaries Extraction processes Lagoons Liquid chromatography Mass spectrometry Monitoring/Environmental Analysis nalidixic acid Organic contaminants personal care products Personal grooming Pharmaceutical Preparations - analysis Pharmaceuticals river water Rivers Rivers - chemistry Scientific imaging Solid Phase Extraction South Africa Studies Surface water Waste treatment Waste water Waste Water - chemistry Waste Water - statistics & numerical data wastewater Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water pollution Water sampling Water supply Water treatment |
| title | Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
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